杜明强，冷传莉

关键词：无人驾驶汽车;法律人格;归责原则;交通事故责任

摘 要：在无人驾驶领域，依靠数据+算法支撑的智能系统将全权替代人类驾驶行为，无人驾驶汽车也因此具备高度“自主性”。其所引发交通事故侵权致损时，至少在责任主体认定、二元归责原则适用和责任类型划分等方面给现行侵权法提出挑战。而赋予无人驾驶汽车独立法律人格既与法理不符，也难应对司法实践。故我国侵权法宜通过确立三元归责原则体系（过错+无过错+公平责任），建构“产品责任+机动车交通事故责任”相结合的适用规则，并以建立无人驾驶汽车责任强制保险为配套机制的进路加以应对。

中图分类号：D913文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-2435（2020）02-0129-11

On Traffic Accidents Tort Liabilities of Driverless Vehicles

DU Ming-qiang，LENG Chuan-li（School of Law，Guizhou University，Guiyang 550025，China）

Key words：driverless vehicles;legal personality;the principle of imputation; traffic accident liability

Abstract：In the unmanned driving filed，the intelligent system supported by data and algorithms combination will completely replace humans driving behavior and full autonomous vehicles also have highly “autonomy”. When a traffic accident caused by driverless vehicles infringes on the rights of others，it will at least challenge the current tort laws following aspects，including the identification of subject of liability，the application of the principle of the fault and no-fault imputation，and the division of the liabilitys types. However，giving driverless vehicles independent legal personality is inconsistent with legal principles and difficult to deal with the judicial practice. Therefore，Chinas tort law should establish the ternary imputation principle system（fault + no-fault + fair liability），construct the applicable rules combining“product liability + motor vehicle traffic accident liability”，and establish the compulsory liability insurance for driverless vehicles.

一、問题的提出

在无人驾驶汽车（下文简称“无人车”）领域，人们普遍关心的是其交通事故侵权及责任承担问题。尽管研发无人车之初衷在于减免交通事故，但不可能做到绝对安全。如近期谷歌无人车与公交车碰撞案、优步无人车致人死亡案等事故的发生使得无人驾驶技术的安全性颇受质疑，引发公众对其侵权责任承担等法律问题的忧虑。既然未来人类驾驶将被自动驾驶所取代，那么以人类驾驶为基础建构的交通事故责任制度是否还能适用？或在多大程度上可以适用？既有侵权责任规则是否需要更新以及如何更新？对此，理论和实务界都正在积极探索解决之道，各种学说主张纷纷涌现。本文以无人车之界定为起点，致力于研究其交通事故侵权责任问题，探究我国无人车法律规制路径，期冀对未来立法有所裨益。……