路政统一视野下的近代铁路负责运输制度及其绩效
2020-08-03李强
李强



关键词:民国时期;路政统一;铁路;负责运输制度;转运公司
摘 要:我国铁路营运之初,因路政管理权分散和负责运输制度缺失,导致铁路货运弊端丛生。北洋政府交通部虽为施行铁路负责运输作出努力,但收效甚微。南京政府铁道部积极推行负责运输制度,成效显著,并与铁路联运实现初步结合,路政统一取得较大进展。
中图分类号:F129文献标志码:A文章编号:1001-2435(2020)02-0098-09
Modern Responsible Railway Transportation System and Its Performance under the Vision of Road Administration Unification
LI Qiang (Historical Culture and Tourism College,Fuyang Normal University,Anhui Fuyang,236037,China)
Key words:the Republican period;Road administration unification;Railway;Responsible transportation system;Transit company
Abstract:At the beginning of Chinas railway operation,because of decentralized road administration and lack of responsible transportation system,the disadvantages of railway freight prevail. Although the Ministry of Communications of the BeiYang Government had made efforts to implement railway responsible transportation system,it appeared to have little effect. With notable success,the Ministry of Railways of the Nanjing Government actively promoted responsible transportation system and achieved a preliminary combination with railway intermodal transport,which brought great progress in road administration unification.
鐵路最重要的责任是为社会提供完善的运输业务,包括提供足够车辆装载货物,以及能迅速且安全地将货物运抵目的地。同时,铁路货运是一个负责运输的过程,这是指由于铁路的过失而发生货物灭失、损坏,由铁路负赔偿责任的制度。铁路运输货物,凡由当事人疏忽或不尽职守而发生遗失或损坏,依照公法或习惯,均应负赔偿责任,此即英美所谓公法上之责任(Common Law Duty)。[1]275负责运输是指铁路对于货商所托运的货物,自收到货物开始至将货物运抵目的地交付收货人止,在这段时间内,铁路要担负保管、安全运输以及损害赔偿的责任。欧美各国的铁路货物运输均实行负责运输。他们通过制定运送法律(Law of Communication)规定铁路必须实行负责运输,包括肥料、煤炭等比较污贱的货物,从而树立起铁路和民众对铁路负责运输的意识。[2]24
近代以来,列强向中国资本输出修筑铁路,但负责运输的管理模式没有被同步转移。我国铁路营运初期,并没有形成一个能够统筹整个铁路行业,适应铁路发展的行业性垂直管理体制,[3]2路政管理分散,各线路各自为政。……
