蒋伟勤 马中涛 胡群 马会珍 任高磊 朱盈 刘国栋 张洪程 魏海燕

摘要：速效氮肥对农业生产具有重要作用，但也存在用量大、损失途径多、损失量高等特点，造成了一系列环境问题。相较而言缓控释氮肥养分释放缓慢，可减少氮素损失，提高氮肥利用效率，应用于水稻也能够一定程度地增加产量。施用缓控释氮肥对水稻的影响是全方面的，从稻田氮素损失、氮素吸收利用到产量形成均产生不同的影响。本文概述了缓控释氮肥对稻田氮素损失、水稻氮素利用、器官生长、群体变化及产量形成的影响，探讨了水稻上施用缓控释氮肥产生不同效应的原因，阐述了缓控释氮肥在水稻上应用存在的问题及改进措施。

关键词：水稻;缓控释氮肥;氮素损失;氮素利用;产量

中图分类号：S511.062文献标识码：A文章编号：1000-4440（2020）03-0777-08

Effects of slow and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on rice growth and nitrogen utilization

JIANG Wei-qin，MA Zhong-tao，HU Qun，MA Hui-zhen，REN Gao-lei，ZHU Ying，LIU Guo-dong，ZHANG Hong-cheng，WEI Hai-yan

（Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology， Yangzhou University/Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley， Ministry of Agriculture， Yangzhou 225009， China）

Abstract：Quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer plays an important role in agricultural production， but it also has the characteristics of large amount of use， many ways of loss and high amount of loss， which has caused a series of environmental problems. Compared with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer， the slow release of slow and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer can reduce nitrogen loss， improve nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and increase rice yield to a certain extent. The effects of slow and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on rice were all-round， including nitrogen loss， nitrogen uptake and utilization， yield formation in paddy fields. The effects of slow and controlled release nitrogen fertilizers on nitrogen loss in paddy field， nitrogen use in rice， organ growth， population change and yield formation were summarized in this article. The reasons for different effects of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on rice were discussed， and the existing problems and improvement measures in the application of slow and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on rice were expounded.

Key words：rice;slow and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer;nitrogen loss;nitrogen utilization;yield

化學肥料自诞生后便被广泛用于农业生产，它为作物增产，解决人类粮食短缺的问题起到了重要作用 [1-3]。速效氮肥是化学肥料中最常用的一类，但由于其在施用过程中存在用量大、活性高、养分释放快、损失途径多等特点[1]，使得目前中国氮肥当季利用率仅为35%左右[4]。未能被植物利用的氮素，会被土壤固定或进入水体、大气中，造成一系列环境污染等问题[4-5]。缓控释氮肥是缓慢释放氮肥的统称，包括缓释氮肥和控释氮肥两类。缓释氮肥是指用物理、化学、生物化学方法制得的使养分缓慢释放的肥料，而控释氮肥是指采用聚合物包膜，可定量控制肥料中养分释放数量和释放期的肥料[5]。……