王代芬 罗永春

摘要：土掌房是哈尼族传统民居的原生形态，承载着厚重的文化内涵，具有留存的价值和意义，然而在精准扶贫背景下土掌房的数量急剧减少，这意味着哈尼族民居及其文化正在逐步消逝，淹没于历史长河之中。基于对哈尼族及其民居文化的保护，M村针对土掌房进行了一户一方案的改造设计，通过修缮加固、原址翻建、整间留存等方式打造出安全稳固、经济适用、满意度高且兼具土掌文化的民居。以期为少数民族传统民居的传承、保护及相关研究提供有价值的参考。

关键词：精准扶贫；民房改造；土掌房；哈尼族；黑树林特区

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1009-1483.2020.04.014 中图分类号：TU241.4

文章编号：1009-1483（2020）04-0099-08 文献标识码：A

Research on the Renovation of Hanis Tuzhangfang under the Background of Targeted Poverty Alleviation： Taking M Village， Black Forest District， Yunnan Province as an Example

WANG Daifen， LUO Yongchun

[Abstract] The Tuzhangfang is the original form of the traditional house of the Hani people， bearing heavy cultural connotation and retaining value and significance. However， the number of the Tuzhangfang has been drastically reduced under the background of targeted poverty alleviation， which means that the Hani residential house and its culture are gradually disappearing and will be submerged by the long river of history. Based on the protection of the Hani people and their residential culture， M village has carried out the reconstruction and design of a household with a plan for the Tuzhangfang， and has created buildings which are safe and secure， economical applicable， highly satisfied and full of Tuzhang culture， through repair and reinforcement， original site reconstruction， and retention of the entire house. It is hoped that it can provide valuable reference for the inheritance， protection and related research for the traditional dwelling houses of ethnic minorities.

[Keywords] targeted poverty alleviation； renovation of house； Tuzhangfang； the Hani Nationality； Black Forest District

哈尼族的傳统民居之一的土掌房源于古羌人的邛笼碉房建筑，在岁月的长河中几经变迁，具有就地取材、绿色生态、节约空间、节省成本等特点，体现了哈尼族人民自然、质朴的生存理念，蕴含着宝贵的建筑经验与历史文化价值。然而随着精准扶贫的不断深入，大量的土掌房被钢筋混泥土取代，传统风貌难存，这逐渐引起了各界人士的关注。乡村是我国乡土历史、文化、自然遗产的“活化石”和“博物馆”[1]，而少数民族的民居则是其中极具特色的组成部分。对土掌房改造的研究，对于充分了解哈尼族的民族文化，进行民族保护具有重要意义[2]。同时，对于脱贫攻坚、全面建成小康社会、乡村振兴背景下哈尼族民居的改善等都具有理论和现实意义。本文以云南省黑树林特区M村哈尼族的土掌房改造为例，探究其改造方式并呈现其改造范例，在此基础上对其改造价值进行探讨，为其他地区的民房改造提供参考借鉴。……