李歆蔚　初北平

摘要：针对船舶司法出售公约起草中的核心问题，提出公约应适用于根据出售国法律授予买受人清洁物权的船舶司法出售;赋予司法出售证书决定性证据的效力;在公约中以“具有国际效力”取代“国际承认”的表述，并明确规定司法出售的国际效力条件;对司法出售通知的内容设定最低标准;原司法出售法院对认定司法出售证书是否有效、司法出售是否无效或应予中止具有专属管辖权。同时，深化研究违反重要通知事项的法律后果;优化并协调司法出售国际效力条件;评估船舶不予扣押的“公共政策”例外的后果;设计更为便捷的机制使买受人摆脱注销登记和再登记困境。

关键词：船舶司法出售;《北京草案》;清洁物权;国际效力

中图分类号：D996.19文献标志码：A

文章编号：2096-028X（2020）01-0094-09

The key issues on the drafting of an international convention on judicial sale of ships

LI Xin-wei，CHU Bei-ping

（Law School，Dalian Maritime University，Dalian 116026，China）

Abstract：Focused on some key issues on the drafting of an international convention on judicial sale of ships， this paper proposes that the convention shall only apply to judicial sales of ships which， under the law of the state where they are conducted， confer clean title to the ship on the purchaser; to give the certificate of judicial sale the effect of conclusive evidence; that the convention shall be cast in terms of “having international effects” rather than “international recognition” and expressly set forth conditions for giving international effect to the judicial sale; to establish minimum standards for the content of the notice of judicial sale; and to confer exclusive jurisdiction on the original court of judicial sale in determining whether to avoid a certificate of judicial sale or to avoid or suspend the effects of a judicial sale. At the same time， further research should be conducted on legal consequences of a failure to comply with the important notice requirements; optimizing and harmonizing the conditions for international effects of judicial sale; assessing the consequences of the “public policy” exception for the obligation not to arrest; and designing a more convenient mechanism to get purchasers out of the registration and deregistration dilemmas.

Key words：judicial sale of ships;Beijing Draft;clean title;international effects

從产生于世界不同法域的案例来看，船舶司法出售的国际承认问题由来已久，目前，各国基于“礼让原则”对外国船舶司法出售予以承认，存在诸多法律不确定性。现行国际公约涉及到船舶司法出售的问题，都没有对有关船舶司法出售及其国际承认进行整体的调整，因此，需要制定一部新的国际公约专门对此空白地带予以规制。《关于外国司法出售船舶及其承认的国际公约草案》（简称《北京草案》）是国际海事委员会历经数载的成果，联合国贸易法委员会第六工作组于2019年正式承担起《北京草案》的讨论会议相关事宜。制定单独、完整的船舶司法出售公约有利于提升船舶司法出售的信用，增强买受人的购买信心，提高船舶的出售价格，保证船舶融资的安全性，从而使利益相关各方①受益。……