袁发强　南迪

摘要：海上运输习惯在海上运输活动中占据重要的位置，不仅对航运实务操作具有重要的指导作用，更是司法实践中解决海事海商纠纷的重要依据。遗憾的是，《海商法》第268条第2款仅仅在涉外法律关系的适用中规定了国际惯例的补缺适用。这样的立法思路与改革开放初期国内运输市场浓厚的计划经济色彩相吻合，但在新近的《海商法（修订征求意见稿）》中继续维持这一规定的做法，既不符合海商法特殊的立法精神，也未能在民商合一的背景之下紧跟《民法总则》的步伐赋予习惯以法源地位，使海上运输习惯无法适用于国内运输。因此，应当在《海商法》的修订中打破国内国际海上运输法律适用壁垒，明确赋予海上运输习惯一般法律渊源的地位，使其优先于一般法适用。这样才能体现海商法的国际性和中国海商立法的科学性和时代性，为中国建设海事司法中心服务。

关键词：海上运输习惯;法律渊源;国际惯例

中图分类号：D922.294文献标志码：A

文章编号：2096-028X（2020）01-0083-11

On the legal source of maritime transport customs under maritime law

—also on the revision of Article 268 of the Chinese Maritime CodeYUAN Fa-qiang，NAN Di

（School of International Law，East China University of Political Science and Law，Shanghai 200042，China）

Abstract：Maritime transportation customs occupy an important position in maritime transportation activities，not only playing an important guiding role in the practical operation of shipping，but also being an important basis for resolving maritime disputes in judicial practice. Regrettably，Article 268，paragraph 2 of the Chinese Maritime Code only provides for the application of international practice in foreign-related legal relationship. Such legislative ideas are consistent with the strong planned economy of the domestic transportation market in the early days of reform and opening up，but the practice of maintaining this regulation in the Chinese Maritime Code （Revised Draft） is not in conformity with the special legislative spirit of the

Chinese Maritime Code，nor is it able to keep up with the General Provisions of the Civil Law of the Peoples Republic of China under the background of the

civil-commercial combination. Rather， it makes it impossible for maritime transport customs to be applied to domestic transport. Therefore，in the revision of the Chinese Maritime Code，the applicable barriers between domestic and international maritime transport laws should be broken，and the status of the general legal source of maritime transport customs should be clearly defined，giving priority to the application of general law. In this way，we can embody the internationality of maritime law and the scientific and time-oriented nature of Chinas maritime legislation，and serve our country to deepen reform and opening-up and deeply participate in the legal rules of international trade and transportation.

Key words：maritime transport customs;source of law;international practice

《中華人民共和国海商法》（简称《海商法》）正处于修订过程中，已公开的《海商法（修订征求意见稿）》维持了将国际惯例作为涉外法律关系适用的补充性法律渊源的做法①。[1]这使得法院在审理国内案件时一旦遇到《海商法》没有规定的情况，就跳过海上运输习惯直接适用民法的相关规则和原则。这既忽视了国内水上运输习惯的存在，更忽略了其在判断当事人权利义务中的作用。……