李家明 李洪龙 黄则栋 陈露 许茹 钟凤林

摘要：【目的】調查统计31份苦瓜种质资源在夏季高温环境下的农艺性状表现并进行耐热性分析评价，旨在建立田间苦瓜种质资源耐热性分析评价的方法和体系及筛选鉴定指标和优良耐热的苦瓜种质资源。【方法】连续两年在福建夏季高温环境下对31份苦瓜种质资源进行大田栽培比较试验，通过调查统计苦瓜的22个主要农艺性状指标，运用相关性分析、主成分分析和逐步回归分析对供试苦瓜种质资源进行综合分析评价。【结果】在高温环境下不同苦瓜供试材料产量差异较大，变异系数为35.48%，第一雌花节位、瓜长、瓜形和瓜瘤形状等果实性状变异系数在9.05%～41.27%，表现出丰富多样性，有利于耐热苦瓜种质资源的筛选。苦瓜产量与单瓜重、叶长呈极显著正相关（P<0.01，下同）;单瓜重与瓜肉厚、瓜宽呈极显著正相关;第一雌花节位与植株分枝性呈显著正相关（P<0.05，下同），与主蔓节长呈显著负相关，各农艺性状指标之间反映的存在信息重叠，需要综合分析评价苦瓜种质资源的耐热性。主成分分析将22个农艺性状指标归纳为7个独立的综合指标（累计贡献率达76.654%），前5个主成分可概括为产量因子、瓜形因子、瓜瘤因子、早熟性因子和叶形因子，第六和第七主成分载荷最高的性状指标为种子性状，可概括为种子因子。主成分综合评价和聚类分析表明，表现优于CK的有7份苦瓜种质资源，具有植株分枝性强、主蔓粗壮、叶片大、单瓜重、瓜肉厚等特性。进一步利用逐步回归分析法建立了苦瓜种质资源耐热性评价数学模型F=-5.802+0.004X14+0.113X7+0.169X18+0.095X1+0.039X4+0.025X3+0.059X5+0.073X10-0.115X20+0.103X21+0.045X15，筛选出单瓜重、叶柄长、瓜瘤密度、植株分枝性、叶长、主蔓直径、叶宽、瓜色、种子颜色、种子花纹和瓜肉厚等11个耐热性鉴定指标。【结论】供试的K9、K10、K11、K20、K26、K28和K29等7份苦瓜材料可作为优异的耐热种质资源进行耐热苦瓜品种的选育。建立的数学模型和筛选出的11个鉴定指标可用于田间苦瓜种质资源耐热性的快速鉴定筛选，提高耐热育种效率。

关键词： 苦瓜;种质资源;高温环境;耐热性;农艺性状;主成分分析;聚类分析

中图分类号： S642.5                         文献标志码： A 文章编号：2095-1191（2020）10-2488-10

Comprehensive evaluation of bitter gourd germplasm resources agronomic traits in high temperature environment in summer

LI Jia-ming1， LI Hong-long2， HUANG Ze-dong2， CHEN Lu1， XU Ru1， ZHONG Feng-lin1*

（1College of Horticulture， Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， Fuzhou  350002， China; 2Fujian Tianmei Seed Industry Technology Co.， Ltd.， Fuzhou  350000， China）

Abstract：【Objective】Under the high temperature environment in summer， the agronomic characters of 31 bitter gourd resources were investigated and the heat resistance was analyzed and evaluated， to establish a method system for the analysis and evaluation of heat resistance of bitter gourd germplasm resources in the field， and to screen identification indicators and excellent heat-resistant bitter gourd germplasm resources. 【Method】In this experiment， 31 trials of bitter gourd germplasm resources were compared in the high temperature environment for two consecutive years. The 22 major agronomie traits of bitter gourd were investigated and statistically analyzed. Correlation analysis， principal component analysis and stepwise regression analysis were used to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the germplasm resources of bitter gourd. 【Result】In the high temperature environment， the yield of different bitter gourd tested materials was quite different， the coefficient of variation was 35.48%. The coefficient of variation of fruit traits such as first female flower position， fruit length， fruit shape， and warty shape was between 9.05% and 41.27%. These bitter gourd showed rich diversity， which was conducive to the selection of heat-resistant bitter gourd germplasm resources. The yield of bitter gourd in high temperature environment had extremely significant positive correlation with the fruit weight and leaf length（P<0.01， the same below）. The fruit weight had extremely significant positive correlation with the fruit wall thickness and fruit dia-meter. The first female of flower position was significantly positively correlated with plant branching（P<0.05， the same below）， and was significantly negatively correlated with the main vine node length. There was information overlap among the agronomic traits. It was necessary to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the heat resistance of bitter gourd germplasm resources. Principal component analysis categorized 22 agronomic traits into 7 independent comprehensive indexes（cumulative contribution rate reached 76.654%）. The first five main components could be summarized as yield factor， fruit shape factor， fruit warty factor， premature factor， leaf shape factor. The trait index with the highest load of the sixth and seventh principal components was seed traits， which could be summarized as seed factors. Principal component comprehensive evaluation and cluster analysis showed that there were seven bitter gourd germplasm resources that performed better than CK. It had the characteristics of strong plant branching， strong main vine， large leaves， heavy weight of single fruit， and thick flesh.Further used the stepwise regression analysis method to establish a reliable mathematical model for evaluating the heat tolerance of bitter gourd germplasm resources. The model was F=-5.802+0.004X14+0.113X7+0.169X18+0.095X1+0.039X4+0.025X3+0.059X5+0.073X10-0.115X20+0.103X21+0.045X15. Eleven heat-resistance identification indexes were screened out， such as single fruit weight， length of petiole， warty density，plant branching， leaf length， main vine diameter， leaf diameter， fruit color，seed color，seed figure and fruit wall thickness. 【Conclusion】The seven bitter gourd materials tested in this experiment， including K9， K10， K11， K20， K26， K28， K29， can be used as excellent heat-resistant germplasm resources for breeding of heat-resistant bitter gourd varieties. The established mathematical model and the selected 11 identification indicators can be used for the rapid identification and increasing efficacy of heat tolerance of field bitter gourd germplasm resources.

Key words： bitter gourd; germplasm resources; high-temperature environment; heat resistance; agronomic traits; principal component analysis; cluster analysis

Foundation item： Fujian Modern Agricultural Vegetable Industry Technology System Project（Minnongzong〔2019〕144）; Major Science and Technology Project of Fujian（2018NZ0002-2）

0 引言

【研究意义】苦瓜（Momordica charantia L.）是葫芦科苦瓜属一年生草本植物，以食用嫩瓜为主，具有很高的营养和药用价值（许红心和倪坚军，2001;朱新产等，2003;Leung et al.，2009），广受消费者的青睐。苦瓜性喜温暖湿润环境，最适生长温度为20～30 ℃（张振贤，2003），是夏季主要的消暑蔬菜之一。苦瓜在整个生长发育期受温度的影响很大，其表型形态特征能够直观反映不同材料之间耐热性的差异。近年来夏季高温天气频发，持续的高温天气常造成苦瓜生长发育缓慢，产量下降，严重时造成植株死亡，使瓜农遭受重大经济损失（曾晶等，2011）。……