[摘 要]从兴起背景、问题、特征与培育路径四个维度，运用国家-社会关系理论系统分析比较中俄市民社会，探讨国家转型中国家和市民社会的互动。中俄市民社会的兴起背景相同，主要包括经济、政治和法律因素。中俄市民社会发展存在的共同问题包括非政府组织作用有限、中产阶级不成熟、公民政治参与冷漠、传统政治文化的消极影响，俄罗斯市民社会发展还存在公民政治参与意识淡漠、政党制度发育不良、境外势力渗透和影响问题。中俄市民社会具有共同的特征，即都属于政府主导型，存在不成熟性和过渡性，同时中国市民社会具有自身的稳定性、渐进性、权威性特征。重视政府职能转变，培育非政府组织并发挥其功能，发展壮大中产阶层，培育公民意识，重视境外非政府组织管理，防止颜色革命是中俄两国国家治理中培育市民社会的主要路径。

[关键词]中俄市民社会;背景;困境;特征;培育;比较

[中图分类号]D56 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1671-8372（2020）04-0036-08

A comparison of the development of contemporary civil society between China and Russia based on four dimensions

TAO Lin

（College of Public Administration，Hohai University，Nanjing 211100，China）

Abstract：From the four dimensions of rising background，problems，characteristics and cultivation path，this paper uses the theory of state-social relations to systematically analyze the civil society in China，and discusses the interaction between the state and civil society in the national transformation. The rise of civil society in China and Russia has the same background，mainly including economic，political and legal factors. The common problems in the development of civil society in China and Russia include the limited role of non- government organizations（NGO），the immaturity of the middle class，the apathy of citizens in political participation，and the negative influence of traditional political culture. In the development of Russian civil society，there are also some problems，such as the apathy of citizens political participation consciousness，the stunted development of political system，the infiltration and influence of foreign forces. The Chinese and Russian civil societies share the same characteristics; that is，they are both government-dominated，with immaturity and transition. At the same time，Chinese civil society has its own characteristics of stability，gradual progress and authority. So main ways of cultivating civil society in the governance of China and Russia should attach importance to the transformation of government functions，cultivate NGO and give full play to their functions，develop and strengthen the middle class，cultivate citizen consciousness，attach importance to the management of foreign NGO and prevent color revolution.

Key words：civil society between China and Russia; background; dilemma; characteristics; cultivation; comparison

市民社會（Civil Society①）的发展和培育是政治发展中的重要内容。在中俄政治发展和政治改革的研究中，分析和比较两国市民社会的发展历程、影响和制约因素，国家和市民社会的互动，具有重要价值。近二十年来，市民社会理论研究已在中国取得大量成果。从著作上看，关于中国市民社会的研究远远多于关于俄罗斯市民社会的研究②;从论文发表情况看，据笔者对中国知网的检索，关于中国市民社会的研究论文有几千篇，篇名含有“俄罗斯公民社会”或“俄罗斯市民社会”词语的论文仅有7篇，且主要是针对中国或俄国一个国家的研究，而将中俄市民社会进行系统比较的论文几乎没有。……