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名词性从句和三年高考链接

2019-07-31吴涛

中学课程辅导·高考版 2019年8期
关键词:中作同位语真题

在复合句中,起名词作用的各种从句都称为名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句在历年各地高考英语试卷中几乎都有涉及,并且每年都有所变化。

一、引导名词从句的连词

名词性从句需由连词引导、与主句相接,可以引导名词性从句的连词有以下几类:

1. 从属连词:that, weather, if。that本身没有词义,常用来引导间接陈述句。whether, if意为“是否”,引导间接一般问句。它们只起连接主句与从句的作用,在从句中不充当任何成分。

2. 连接代词:who(谁——主格),whom(谁——宾格),which(哪一个,哪一些—指人或指物),what(什么,……的东西——指物),whoever(无论谁),whatever(无论什么),whichever(无论哪一个,哪一些),它们除了起连接作用外,还可以在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。

3. 连接副词:when(什么时候),where(什么地方), why(为什么),how(如何,怎么)。它们除了起连接作用外,还在从句中作状语。

二、名词性从句在复合句中的句法功能

名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用,可以担任主语、宾语、表语和同位语。

1. 主语从句(用作主语的从句称为主语从句)

1) that从句作主语

that引导的主语从句可位于句首直接作主语;也可以位于句末,用it作形式主语。如果主语从句用于疑问句中,则必须用it作形式主语而把that引导的主语从句后置。

【真题再现】 It is often the case anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. (2016江苏卷21)

A. why B. what

C. as D. that

【解析】 D。句意:对于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。it是形式主语,真正的主语从句结构完整,不缺少任何成分,所以用that引导。

That light travels in straight lines is known to all.→It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.众所周知光线以直线传播。

Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task? 派谁去执行这项任务已经决定了吗?

2) 用it作形式主语的常见句型有:

It is + 名词 + 主语从句

It is + 形容词 + 主语从句

It is + 过去分词 + 主语从句

It is + 不及物动词 + 主语从句

如:It is common knowledge that the earth goes round the sun. 地球绕太阳转是常识。

It is obvious that he doesnt want to see you. 显然他不想见你。

It is reported that 67 persons died in the accident. 据报道,有67人在这起事故中死亡。

It seems to me that your answer is wrong. 在我看来你的回答错了。

2. whether (是否) 从句作主语同样可放句首或句末。如:

Whether he will come remains a question. →It remains a question whether he will come.

3. whoever, whichever, whatever, however引導主语从句只能放句首。

Whoever is here gets a prize. 谁在这里都能得奖。

【真题再现】 Every year, makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. (2017北京卷23)

A. whatever B. whoever

C. whomever D. whichever

【解析】 B。句意:每年,任何一个做出最漂亮的风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。makes the most beautiful kite是主语从句,根据意思可知答案。

2. 宾语从句(用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句,既可作及物动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾语)

1) 作及物动词的宾语:

【真题再现】 Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street, not knowing she was heading. (2017北京卷26)

A. why B. where

C. how D. when

【解析】 B。句意:Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上,不知道她将去往何方,根据句意可知选B。

【真题再现】 She asked meI had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadnt. (2017天津卷4)

A. when B. where

C. whether D. what

【解析】 C。句意:她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了,我承认我还没有还。根据句意选C。

2) 一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时,则需要用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有:find, feel, think, consider, believe, guess, suppose, make等。

She made it clear that it was not her fault. 她使公众清楚不是她的过失。

3) 动词hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜欢”“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to, depend on, rely on等常用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语从句后置。

I hate it when they say with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们嘴里塞满食物说话。

You may rely on it that everything will be ready by Monday. 你可以放心,到星期一一切都会准备好。

4) 当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, assume等时,如果宾语从句是否定式,通常将主句谓语改为否定式而将宾语从句变为肯定式。

通常不说:I think we two have not met before.

而常说:I dont think we two have met before.

5) 作介词宾语(介词后的宾语从句不可用if引导)

【真题再现】 The gold medal will be awarded to wins the first place in the bicycle race. (2018天津卷9)

A. whomever B. wherever

C. whoever D. whatever

【解析】 C。空格前的to是介词,所以后面是宾语从句。在宾语从句中,所选答案在句中应该是担任主语,排除A和B。根据句意“金牌将颁发给自行车赛第一名”选C。

Whether one can succeed depends on how hard he works. 一个人能否成功取决于他工作的努力程度。

6) 介词之后一般跟that引导的宾语从句,故需用it作形式宾语。

You can write about it that we should protect our environment.你可以这样写,我们应该保护环境。

7) 某些形容词(常见sure / certain / afraid)后也可以接宾语从句(由that引导的较多)。

I am sure that she will come here.我敢肯定她会来这儿。

8) suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句,常表间接的命令和建议,其谓语形式是“should+动词原形”。

I suggest that he (should) attend the lecture. 我建议他应该去听讲座。

3. 表语从句(用作表语的从句叫表语从句,是对主语进行解释,使主语内容具体化)。

1) that 引导表语从句,不可省略that;wh引导从句作表语时,分别在句中作相应成分,不可用if引导。

【真题再现】 The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is one can be entirely free from dust. (2016北京卷29)

A. what B. that

C. whether D. why

【解析】 B。空格前是連系动词,后面是表语从句。从句中不缺少成分。所以选B。

【真题再现】 This is my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best. (2018北京卷15)

A. how B. which

C. that D. what

【解析】 D。空格前是连系动词,后面是表语从句。在表语从句中缺少宾语,排除A和C。句意:这是我父亲教我的——要面对困难,存最好的希望。根据句意选D。

【真题再现】 Without his support, we wouldnt be we are now. (2018北京卷11)

A. how B. when

C. where D. why

【解析】 C。空格前是连系动词,后面是表语从句。句意:没有他的支持,我们就不会来到现在的地方。根据句意选C。

【真题再现】 By boat is the only way to get here, which is we arrived. (2018江苏卷21)

A. where B. when

C. why D. how

【解析】 D。空格前是连系动词,后面是表语从句。句意:乘船是唯一的办法,这就是我们如何来的。根据句意选D。

2) 当句子的主语是:advice, demand, idea, order, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时,表语从句须用虚拟語气,即:(should) + do。

My advice is that he(should)apologize to her.我建议他应该向她道歉。

3) 表语从句有时用as if 引导。从句中根据实际情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。

It looks as if it is going to rain. (下雨的可能性很大)

It looks as if it were going to rain. (下雨的可能性很小)

4) 表语从句有时用because引导,但是主句主语应该用it, this或者that。

She didnt attend the lecture. It / This / That is because she was ill.

4. 同位语(与其前的某名词可以相等,说明该名词所表示的内容)

1) 可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有:fact, news, idea, promise, thought, problem, question, report, order, instruction, impression, suggestion, truth, belief, doubt, hope, opinion, conclusion, discovery。

【真题再现】 The that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space. (2018天津卷6)

A. advice B. order

C. possibility D. invitation

【解析】  C。A选项advice“建议,忠告,劝告”;B选项order“命令,订单”;C选项possibility“可能性”;D选项invitation“请帖,诱因,邀请”。that there is life on other planets in the universe引导同位语从句。句意:“宇宙中其他行星上存在生命的可能性一直激励着科学家探索外层空间。”根据句意选C。

2) 同位句从句可用that引导,wh引导,不可以用if和which引导。

【真题再现】 The manager put forward a suggestion we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do. (2016天津卷11)

A. whether B. that

C. which D. what

【解析】 B。一般情况下不要which引导同位语从句。同位语从句结构完整 (主谓宾),D排除。句意:经理建议我们应该有一个助手,要做的事太多。根据句意选B。

No one can deny the fact that he has made much progress.没有人可以否认他取得如此大的进步。

We express the hope that they will come and visit China again.我们希望他们将再一次访问中国。

I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道她什么时候回来。

I heard the news that our team had won.我听说我们队已经赢了。

3) 当句子的主语是:advice, demand, desire, decision, idea, order, plan, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时,同位语从句须用虚拟语气,即(should)+do。

His advice is right that we (should) cooperate.

三、名词性从句的几个常见问题

1. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

第一,定语从句是对先行词加以修饰限定;同位语则是对名词的内容展开说明,和名词的地位相同,两者之间可以划等号。第二,that 既可以引导同位语从句又能引导定语从句。在定语从句中,that是关系代词,指代前面的先行词,在定语从句中作成分(主语、宾语、表语),作宾语时可以省略。that在同位语从句中不作成分,没有意义,不能省略。试比较:

The problem that he cant pronounce English words well is easy to solve. (同位语从句)他的英语单词发音不是太好的问题很容易解决。

The problem (that) he raised at the meeting is difficult to answer. (定语从句) 他在会上提出的问题很难回答。

再比较:They heard the news that a storm was coming. (从句结构完整——主系表,that在从句中不充当任何成分,所以是同位语从句)

The news (that) you told me is not true. (从句中tell是及物动词,后面需要宾语,that可以换成which,可以省略,所以是定语从句)

再看一个特别有趣的例句:The news that he got there is true. 第一种分析:从句中get是及物动词“得到”,that在从句中担任其宾语,引导定语从句,that可以改成which。句意:他在那儿得到的消息是真实的。第二种分析:从句中get是不及物動词“到达”,that在从句中不充当任何成分,引导同位语从句,that不可以改成which。句意:他到达那里的消息是真实的。

2. that与what引导名词性从句的区别

that引导名词性从句,在从句中不作任何成分,that本身无意义,只起连接作用。what引导名词性从句时,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等,what表示“……的东西或事情”。试比较:

What he needs is more time.(what引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语)

That he needs more time is quite clear. (that引导主语从句,在从句中不作任何成分)

The village is no longer what it used to be. (what引导表语从句,在从句中作表语)

I have no idea what we should do next. (what引导同位语从句,在从句中作宾语)

He will tell us what he saw in Nanjing. (what引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语)

点拨:名词性从句中区分that与what的关键是:分析句子结构,看从句是否缺少句子成分。如果不缺成分,就用that;如果缺少句子成分 (主语、宾语、表语等),且表示“……的东西或事情”就用what。

3. that通常不可省略的情况

1) 主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中;

2) 在单个宾语从句中可以省略,在两个或多个宾语从句中,第一个that可以省略,其他的that不可省略;

3) 由it作形式宾语时,that引导的宾语从句中,that也不可省略;

4. if和whether 引导的名词性从句

使用场合:若一个名词性从句中,其连词表达的词义为“是否”,用whether。

The problem is whether he can attend the meeting.问题是他是否能参加会议。

点拨:whether和if取“是否”之意时,主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中只能用whether;在宾语从句中一般可以互换,但是如果是介词加宾语从句,或者和or not连用,一般只能用whether, 不用if。试比较:I dont know whether / if she will come here.

I dont know whether she will come here or not.

5. 除了that以外,一些具有疑问含义的连接代词和连接副词也可以引导同位语从句。

The question still remains who will be sent to the meeting. 谁将被派去参会仍然是个问题。

6.含有ever的连接代词的用法

表示“无论……”,具体用法如下:

1) whoever“无论谁”,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。

2) whomever“无论谁”,在从句中一般只作宾语。

3) whatever“无论什么”,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。

4) whichever“无论哪一个”,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。

点拨:whatever, whoever, whichever, whomever等除了可引导名词性从句,还可以引导让步状语从句,引导让步状语从句时相当于no matter what, no matter who, no matter which, no matter whom。如:

【真题再现】  Your support is important to our work. You can do helps. (2016北京卷24)

A. however B. whoever

C. whatever D. wherever

【解析】 C。空格前do是及物动词,后面应该是宾语从句。在宾语从句中担任主语,排除A和D。句意:你可以做任何有帮助的事情。根据句意应该选C。

试比较:Whatever / No matter what you do, I will be with you. 不管你做什么,我都支持你。(whatever引导让步状语从句)

Whoever finishes the task first will be rewarded. 不管谁首先完成任务都将得到奖励。(whoever引导主语从句)

试比较:Whoever / No matter who phones me, tell him I am out. 不管谁打电话找我,告诉他我出去了。(whoever引导让步状语从句)

Ill send an email to whichever students are on the list who want to take part in the summer camp. 我会发邮件给名单上所有想参加夏令营的学生。 (whichever引导宾语从句)

试比较:Whichever way you look at it, it is an embarrassing situation.无论从哪一方面看,这都是个令人尴尬的局面。(whichever引导状语从句)

7. when和where用法的补充

when和where可以引导名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句,使用时需要注意其区别。

We are anxious to know when the president will arrive. 我们急切地想知道总统什么时候会到。 (when引导名词性从句)

Little Jimmy was crying when his mother got home. 当妈妈到家时,小吉米正在哭。 (when引导状语从句)

Do you still remember the day when we first met on campus? 你还记得我们第一次在校园里碰面的那一天吗? (when引导定语从句)

I wonder where he has picked up so many French words. 我不知道他从哪里学到这么多法语单词。 (where引导名词性从句)

Please put the medicine where children cant reach it.请将药放在孩子够不到的地方。(where引导状语从句)

Yesterday I visited the village where my mother was born. 昨天我去了我母亲出生的那个村庄。(where引导定语从句)

8. 一般情况下,任何的名词性从句(包括定语从句和状语从句)的语序必须用陈述句语序,即主谓不倒装。

(作者:吴涛,南京市第三高级中学)

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