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基于定子双检测线圈的核电半速汽轮发电机励磁绕组短路故障诊断

2019-07-22马明晗武玉才李永刚王罗

电机与控制学报 2019年6期
关键词:谐波故障诊断

马明晗 武玉才 李永刚 王罗

关键词:励磁绕组匝间短路;故障诊断;汽轮发电机;检测线圈;谐波

DOI:10.15938/j.emc.2019.06.000

中图分类号文献标志码:A 文章编号:1007 -449X(2019)06 -0000 -00

Abstract:Failure to find excitation winding interturn short circuit fault in large turbogenerator in time will probably cause the fault enlargement.The outage of turbogenerator will cause great economic losses.This paper analyses the magnetic field characteristics of the excitation winding interturn short circuit fault of the turbogenerator.Combined with the structure characteristics of the stator core,two detection coils are installed at the top of two stator core teeth with one pole apart from each other.The frequency domain and time domain characteristics of the induction voltage of the detection coils are extracted.The excitation winding interturn short circuit is diagnosed by the fractional harmonics of the induced voltage generated in detection coils.A 1 150 MW half speed turbogenerator has completed the simulation verification.It proves that the double coils method can realize the online fault diagnosis without the influence of the operation state of the generator,and can locate the fault accurately.

Keywords:excitation winding interturn short circuit; fault diagnosis; turbogenerator; detection coil; harmonics

0 引 言

勵磁绕组匝间短路故障是大型汽轮发电机的顽疾,主要原因是转子绕组发热量大、绕组轴向频繁伸缩、振动剧烈、冷却条件相对较差等。励磁绕组匝间短路故障通常会引起发电机较为剧烈的振动,故障的单极效应还可能磁化发电机轴颈,形成的轴电流,有烧伤轴颈和轴瓦的风险,短路故障可能会发展为发电机的一点或两点接地故障。这些负面因素严重影响了汽轮发电机的正常运行[1]。

过去的几十年里,研究人员对励磁绕组匝间短路故障特征及其在线诊断的研究陆续有所开展[2-5],提出了诸如励磁电流法[6]、轴电压法[7-9]和端部漏磁通法[10]、虚功率法[11]、期望电动势法[12]、定子分支环流法[13-15]与探测线圈法[16-19]等检测方法。励磁电流法[6]利用故障后发电机的励磁电流增大,无功功率降低这一特征进行故障识别。该方法可以检测出一些明显的匝间短路故障,且需要进行精确的励磁电流测量,并且不适用于旋转励磁型发电机。轴电压法和端部漏磁通法[7-10]利用电机主轴和端部感应的偶数或分数次谐波来检测故障,但这2类方法需要安装检测传感器且不能实现故障定位。虚功率法和期望电动势法[11-12]利用期望电磁功率与实际电磁功率或期望励磁电动势与实际励磁电动势的相对偏差来诊断匝间短路故障,这2类方法同样不适用于旋转励磁型发电机,也不能实现故障定位。定子分支环流法[13-15]通过故障时定子并联支路环流产生的特征次谐波来进行故障识别,该方法需要在定子并联支路上安装电流互感器。文献[16]是最早提出的一种探测线圈,通过安装在发电机气隙的微型径向/切向线圈检测转子的槽漏磁通,基于转子槽漏磁通与槽内有效安匝数的相关性判断励磁绕组的匝间短路故障,该方法具有故障定位功能,得到了广泛应用,不足之处是抗干扰能力不足,在负载工况下检测灵敏度严重下降。文献[17]提出了一种在定子齿部安装检测线圈,利用检测线圈感应电压的谐波诊断故障,适用于不同运行工况,能够实现故障定位。文献[18]提出环绕定子铁心段安装U型检测线圈,直接检测转子气隙主磁场,通过主磁场谐波判断故障,其诊断的抗干扰性比传统检测线圈法有明显提升。文献[19]将U型检测线圈装于水轮发电机上,用来检测水轮发电机的励磁绕组匝间短路故障。

本文主要在汽轮发电机励磁绕组匝间短路故障的特征分析和检测方法上完成了一些工作。具体工作包括:针对核电厂较多采用的半速汽轮发电机,分析了其励磁绕组发生匝间短路故障的磁场特征;结合半速发电机定子结构特点,提出一种在相差一个极距位置的定子铁心齿上安装2个检测线圈的励磁绕组匝间短路故障检测方法;推导并阐述了定子双检测线圈法的故障检测原理,并通过有限元仿真,验证了该诊断方法的有效性以及故障定位效果。

3 结 论

为了实现发电机励磁绕组短路故障的在线检测,本文从2对极发电机励磁绕组匝间短路前后的主磁场分析入手,提出了一种定子双线圈的励磁绕组匝间短路故障检测法。文章以目前核电普遍采用的2对极汽轮发电机为例,详细介绍了其安装方法。理论推导和仿真结果均表明,励磁绕组匝间短路故障会在检测线圈中感应出分数次谐波,该特征能够作为故障的诊断依据,并且谐波含量能够反映匝间短路的程度。定子双线圈法较单线圈有着明显的优势。单线圈法故障定位时通常要与正常运行状态相比较,而电机每一时刻的运行状态不可能完全一致,导致故障诊断结果存在偏差。而双线圈法通过对同时刻的两检测线圈感应电压的叠加求和,故障定位更为直观、准确。该方法不受发电机运行状态的影响,在空载和额定负载运行状态下均能够准确诊断,能够为故障电机的快速检修提供帮助。

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(編辑:刘琳琳)

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