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体育暴力中刑法介入的边界

2019-05-13陈芹

体育学刊 2019年2期
关键词:规则标准体育

陈芹

摘      要:竞技体育往往伴随暴力而造成人身伤害,合理确定刑法介入体育暴力的边界具有重要意义。如何在竞技体育的高风险性与刑法秩序的安全要求之间获得平衡是亟待解决的问题,我国学者注重刑法介入体育暴力的基本原则,却缺乏具体标准;域外探讨侧重于具体标准,却难以兼顾竞技与安全。就基本原则而言,应由个别的正当化事由转向一般的正当化根据,以社会相当性来划定体育暴力的刑法边界;就具体标准而言,应在现有研究基础上建构“运动规则的客观预期”标准,最大限度地兼顾竞技与安全。

关  键  词:体育法;体育暴力;刑法介入;正当化;运动规则;客观预期;社会相当性

中图分类号:G80-05    文献标志码:A    文章编号:1006-7116(2019)02-0077-05

Abstract: Competitive sports are often accompanied by violence, thus cause personal injury; it is significant to rationally determine the boundary of the criminal law intervening in sports violence. How to get balance between the high risks of competitive sports and the safety requirements of the criminal law order is an issue to be solved; Chinese scholars valued the basic principles for the criminal law intervening in sports violence, but lacked specific standards; foreign research focused more on specific standards, but failed to consider competition and safety concurrently. In terms of basic principle, the criminal law boundary of sports violence should be defined based on social correspondence, by turning individual legitimate reasons into general legitimate grounds; in terms of specific standard, the standard of “the objective expectation of sports rules” should be established on the basis of existing research, so as to consider competition and safety concurrently to the maximum extent.

Key words: sports law;sports violence;criminal law intervention;legitimation;sports rule;objective expectation;social correspondence

競技体育的价值已被世人公认,但其高风险性、高对抗性往往伴随体育暴力造成人身伤害。据统计,美国每年因篮球受伤者约达278.3万人、足球达103.6万人、棒球60万人、曲棍球41.5万人、橄榄球108.3万人[1]。很多情况下,运动伤害并不需要以刑法惩罚,但超限度的体育暴力却有刑法介入的必要。就体育自身而言,体育暴力会严重影响竞技比赛的正常进行,阻碍体育事业的健康发展,而按体育管理机构或联盟的比赛规则进行内部处罚虽能起到一定作用[2],但威慑性不足;就体育的社会影响而言,体育暴力不仅侵害运动员的人身法益,而且侵害了公共利益,向公众传递不良信息;就社会秩序而言,侵害人身法益的行为被刑法所禁止,体育运动作为社会生活的一部分,不应享有法外特权。……

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