浅析简册《建武三年居延都尉吏奉例》
2018-12-20袁雅洁
袁雅洁
内容摘要:简册《建武三年居延都尉吏奉例》为东汉初年窦融控制河西时所颁布发放俸禄的有关规定。其规定的“以谷为俸”与西汉及东汉的俸例内容都不同,带有着鲜明的时代性;同时俸例标准的降低,也映射出了西汉末年割据势力并起,战火纷争使经济发展受到了阻力;再者王莽时期对吏禄制度及币制的改革,都对窦融治理河西时所颁布的政策及河西地区的经济都产生了影响,《建武三年居延都尉吏奉例》即为很好的佐证。
关键词:汉简;官员;俸例;币制
中图分类号:K877.5 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2018)05-0108-09
Abstract: A wooden slip with the text“Wages for Military Officials in Juyan in the 3nd Year of the Jianwu Era”provides some information about the payment of salaries in the Hexi region of the early Eastern Han dynasty when it was under the control of Dou Rong. The regulation which regarded cereals as salary or pension exhibits distinct temporal features and is different from the officials wages in both the Western Han and Eastern Han dynasties. At the same time, lowering salary standards also reflects the historical fact that different warlords rose up in the end of the Western Han, hampering economic development. Furthermore, the transformation of officialssalary standards and the monetary system enacted by Wang Mang had a great influence on both the economy and the political policies in Hexi, of which“Wages for Military Officials in Juyan in the 3nd Year of Jianwu Era”is excellent evidence.
Keywords: wooden slips; officials; salary standards; monetary
《建武三年居延都尉吏奉例》(以下簡称《奉例》)是20世纪70年代在居延地区发现的,出土于破城子遗址第22号屋内,全册共10枚木简,保存完整,简长约23cm;除最后两枚简为两行,宽约2.6cm之外,其余八枚简均宽1.3cm。出土时因编绳朽绝而散乱。简册内容主要为建武三年(27)大将军窦融向居延地区颁布的官吏俸例标准,具有鲜明的时代性。
历代学者对于汉代官员俸例的认识,多半依靠传世文献《汉书》《后汉书》等的相关记载,直至20世纪二三十年代,随着大量汉简在敦煌、居延等地的出土,大大丰富了学术界对汉代俸禄的研究资料,也使得对汉代俸禄的探究得以深入,如陈梦家《汉简所见奉例》将汉代边塞地区的官员,依汉简所记,对他们的秩级、俸禄作以考究[1],同时又讨论了两汉各时期的俸禄内容;其另一篇《关于大小石、斛》则偏重于对容量单位大石、小石、斛三者间的关系[1]149-151。……
