By Belinda Goldsmith

Cairo is the world’s most dangerous megacity for women while London is the best, according to the first international experts’ poll on how females fare in the rising number of cities with over 10 million people.

[2] The Thomson Reuters Foundation survey asked experts in women’s issues in 19 megacities how well women are protected from sexual violence, from harmful cultural practices, and if they have access to good healthcare, finance and education.

[3] Cairo, the capital of the Arab world’s most populous country, fared worst globally, followed by Karachi in Pakistan, Kinshasa in Democratic Republic of the Congo, then the Indian capital New Delhi.

[4] London was ranked as the most woman-friendly, then Tokyo and Paris.

[5] Women’s rights campaigners in Cairo said traditions dating back centuries made it a tough city, with discrimination rife.

人口上千万的城市越来越多，这些大城市中的女性过得怎样？专家第一次在全球范围内对此展开的调查显示，开罗是对女性最危险的城市，伦敦则是最安全的。

[2]汤森路透基金会调查访问了19个大城市的女性问题专家，问题涉及女性在免遭性暴力和恶俗文化伤害方面受到的保护程度，以及女性是否能够接受良好的医疗和教育，是否有良好的经济状况。

[3]开罗是阿拉伯世界人口最多之国的首都，却在这份调查问卷中排名最前，其次是巴基斯坦的卡拉奇、刚果民主共和国的金沙萨和印度首都新德里。

[4]伦敦被列为对女性最友好的城市，其次是东京和巴黎。

[5]开罗的女权运动者称，数百年的传统使女性在开罗过得艰难，处处遭受歧视。

[6] “We’re still operating under a conservative country and it’s hard to take any radical progressive steps in the area of women and women’s laws,” said Omaima Abou-Bakr, co-founder of the Cairo-based campaign group Women and Memory Forum.

[7] “Everything about the city is difficult for women. We see women struggling in all aspects. Even a simple walk on the street, and they are subjected to harassment, whether verbal or even physical,” said high-profile Egyptian journalist and women’s rights campaigner Shahira Amin.

Sexual harassment

[8] Delhi and Sao Paulo emerged as the worst cities when respondents were asked if women could live there without the risk of sexual violence, including rape, attacks or harassment.

[9] The fatal gang rape of a woman on a Delhi bus in 2012 led to a wave of public protests and jolted many in the world’s second most populous country out of apathy over the treatment of women, forcing the government to toughen penalties for sex crimes.

[10] Since then a spike in media reports, government campaigns and civil society programmes, have increased public awareness of women’s rights and emboldened victims to register abuses.

[11] Authorities recorded four rapes every hour in India in 2015.

[6]开罗的运动组织“女性与记忆论坛”联合创立人奥迈马·阿布-贝克尔说:“我们仍生活在一个保守的国家，在女性以及与女性相关法律问题上很难取得突破性进展。”

[7]“女性在这座城市里举步维艰，在各个方面都遭受困境。即便仅仅走在街头，她们都会遭受言语或者肢体的骚扰。”埃及知名记者和女权主义者莎哈拉·阿敏如是说。

性骚扰

[8]根据受访者的回答，女性在德里和圣保罗遭到强奸、袭击和性骚扰等性暴力的风险最大。

[9] 2012年德里公交轮奸致死案件引起了一波公众抗议高潮，将这座世界第二大人口城市的许多人从对女性的冷漠中唤醒，迫使政府严惩性犯罪。

[10]至此之后，媒体报道、政府宣传和民间社会项目等的猛增，增强了公众对妇女权利的保护意识，并鼓励受害者举报其所受虐待。

[11]据印度官方记录，2015年该国平均每小时就有4起强奸案发生。

[12] “Even after the Delhi gang rape,we are seeing rising cases of sexual violence. All the measures taken so far are welcome, but they are not enough,” said lawyer Rishi Kant from Shakti Vahini, a charity that supports rape victims.

[13] “These rapists act because they know they won’t get caught. So strengthening the police and courts to effectively investigate, prosecute, convict and punish is key.”

[14] In Sao Paulo, women are increasingly using social media to denounce sexual violence, including writer Clara Averbuck, who launched an online campaign in August after she was sexually assaulted by a taxi driver.

[16] “I’ve never been so violated as in Brazil,” Averbuck told the Thomson Reuters Foundation. “I’m not speaking only about physical rape. In London, in New York, I feel very comfortable because they treat me like a human being.Here they treat you less than a human being.”

[12]“即使在德里轮奸案之后，性暴力案件数量仍持续攀升。现有对策虽然可嘉，但仍然不够。”律师里希·康德说道。康德供职于帮助强奸受害者的慈善机构夏克提·瓦西里。

[13]“强奸犯之所以敢这样就是因为他们知道自己不会被抓。因此，增强警力和审判，有效调查、起诉、定罪和惩罚强奸犯是关键。”

[14]在圣保罗，更多女性使用社交媒体声讨性暴力，其中包括作家克拉拉·阿维布克，她曾遭到出租车司机性侵，之后在8月发起了一场网络运动声讨性暴力。

[15]《圣保罗报》今年为巴西公共安全论坛开展的民意调查发现，过去一年中，巴西每三名16岁及以上女性中就有一名遭受过肢体、言语或心理方面的暴力，但52%的人没有告发。

[16]“在巴西以外，我从未被如此冒犯过，”阿维布克告诉汤森路透基金会，“我说的不仅仅是强奸。我在伦敦，在纽约，都感到非常舒适，因为那里的人们把我当人看。但在这里，他们不把我当人。”

研究人员还需考虑具体的引发形式(elicitation format)，是视觉的(例如以卡通形式呈现的影片，见Félix-Brasdefer 2010: 46-47; Yamashita 2001)，听觉的，还是笔头的。不管采用哪种形式，都必须向被试说明交际的情景，让被试清楚地了解交际双方的相对权势、社会地位以及言语行为的强加程度等情景因素。

London best, Tokyo safest

[17] Lima in Peru came out worst when participants were asked if women had good access to healthcare, including control over reproductive health. Abortion is illegal in Peru except to save the life of the mother and the teenage pregnancy rate is high.

[18] Conflict-ridden Kinshasa, where growing violence has sparked fears of a repeat of civil wars two decades ago in which millions died, was the worst city in terms of female access to education, ownership of land and obtaining financial services.

[19] At the other end of the scale,London was named the best city, buoyed by Britain’s free and universal National Health Service, as well as coming top for economic opportunities.

[20] London Mayor Sadiq Khan said women were now leading at every level of society in London—in public service,the arts, politics, science and business—but there was more to do.

[21] “The progress we’re making as a city is not happening fast enough,” he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.“We must redouble our efforts to remove any barriers to women’s success and to unlock their full potential.”

[22] Tokyo was ranked as the safest city in terms of sexual violence and harassment, though some women’s rights campaigners said sexual violence re-mained a hidden problem.

伦敦最好，东京最安全

[17]据受访者提供的信息，秘鲁首都利马的女性在医保方面的境况最糟，包括生育自主权。除了堕胎挽救孕妇生命的情况外，堕胎在秘鲁都是非法的，当地少女怀孕率也居高不下。

[18]在冲突不断的金沙萨，渐增的暴力事件引起人们对内战再次爆发的恐惧。上百万人在20年前的内战中丧生。金沙萨的女性在接受教育、拥有土地和获得金融服务方面的待遇最差。

[19]与之相反，伦敦被认为是对女性最好的城市，这得益于英国免费的全国性的国民医疗服务体系，以及即将是首屈一指的经济机遇。

[20]伦敦市长沙迪克·汗说，女性如今在伦敦社会的各个行业都崭露头角，包括公共服务、艺术、政治、科学和商业，但还有很多不足。

[21]“作为城市，我们的进步不够迅速，”他告诉汤森路透基金会，“我们必须加倍努力消除阻碍女性成功的障碍，充分释放她们的潜力。”

[22]东京是女性受到性暴力和性骚扰最少的城市，虽然一些女权运动者称性暴力仍是隐患。

[23] Moscow outperformed New York on a range of measures, and was named the most female-friendly city judged solely on cultural practice, perhaps a nod to its avowedly egalitarian Soviet past.

Urban jungles

[24] The Thomson Reuters Foundation’s seventh annual perception poll was conducted as cities grow rapidly and the future looks increasingly urban,with 66 percent of people expected to live in urban areas by 2050, up from 54 percent currently.

[25] The United Nations says the number of megacities has tripled since 1990 to 31, including six in China and five in India, and forecast this will rise to 41 by 2030. The poll was only conducted in the largest city in each country.

[26] Campaigners said understanding and preparing for key trends in urbanisation in coming years is crucial to meet the U.N.’s latest set of global goals to end poverty and inequality by 2030. The poll was designed around U.N. targets.

[27] Billy Cobbett, director of the Cities Alliance, a global partnership for urban poverty reduction that promotes the role of cities in sustainable development, said the success of Agenda 2030 would be substantially dependent on the role played by women in cities of all sizes.

[23]莫斯科在很多方面的表现都胜过纽约，其在文化方面对女性最为友好，这可能归功于其苏联时期人人平等的主张。

城市丛林

[24]汤森路透基金会开展了第七个年度感知调查，因为城市增长迅速，未来城镇规模将进一步扩大，预计到2050年将有66%的人居住在城市，比现在提高12个百分点。

[25]据联合国资料，1990年以来世界超级大都市的数量已经增长了两倍，增加到31个，其中中国6个，印度5个，预计到2030年将增加到41个。此项调查仅在每个国家的最大城市开展。

[26]社会运动人士认为，理解并为接下来的城镇化主要趋势做好准备，是达到联合国最新设立的在2030年前消除贫困和不平等全球目标的关键。此项调查围绕联合国的目标设计而成。

[27]城市联盟的负责人比利·科贝特说，“2030可持续发展议程”成功与否将取决于女性在各种规模的城市中扮演的角色。城市联盟是一家全球组织，致力于减少城市贫穷并促进城市的可持续发展。

[28] “The opportunity for women to play a full and leading role cannot be taken for granted, but requires reliable data, sound policy and decisive actions by city leaders,” Cobbett told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

[29] The poll of 380 people was conducted online and by phone between June 1 and July 28 with 20 experts questioned in each of the 19 cities with a response rate of 93 percent. The results were based on a minimum of 15 experts in each city. ■

[28]“女性发挥多方面作用、展现领导力的机会并非理所当然，必须依赖城市领导者提供的可靠数据、制定稳妥的政策和采取果断的行动。”科贝特告诉汤森路透基金会。

[29]汤森路透基金会在6月1日至7月28日期间调查了19个城市的380人。调查者通过网络和电话询问了这19个城市中每个城市的20名专家，回复率为93%。根据每个城市至少15位专家的意见得出了调查结果。 □