石莎 殷海善 秦作霞 李惠

摘 要：鲜食枣产业是我国红枣产业的有机组成部分，从制干枣向鲜食枣转型是我国红枣产区摆脱危机的途径之一。文章以山西临猗鲜食枣的发展为例，采用逻辑分析、比较分析等方法对其研究。结果表明，优势光热资源和良好的立地条件是鲜食枣发展的基本前提；鲜食枣产业是一个典型的资金密集型产业；鲜食枣产业是一个典型的精耕细作劳动密集型产业；鲜食枣产业是一个典型的市场高效率型产业。最后，提出鲜食枣产业发展的建议：适度规模发展是产业健康发展的基础；品质管理是产业健康发展的生命；提高设施大棚的机械化、智能化管理水平和增强鲜食枣产业的社会化服务水平是产业健康发展的保障。

关键词：产业经济学；经济特征；鲜食枣产业；现状；经验

中图分类号：S665.1 文献标识码：A DOI 编码：10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2018.06.003

Study on the Economic Characteristics and Development Ideas of Fresh Date Industry：With Linyi Fresh Dates as an Example

SHI Sha， YIN Haishan， QIN Zuoxia， LI Hui

（Institute of Agricultural Resource and Economy， Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science， Taiyuan， Shanxi 030006， China）

Abstract： Fresh date industry was an organic part of red date industry in China. The transformation from the dry date to the fresh date was one of the ways to get rid of crisis in Chinese date production areas. This paper adopted logical analysis， comparative analysis with Linyi fresh dates as an example. The results showed that the advantages of light and heat resources and good site conditions were the basic prerequisite for the development of fresh date. Fresh date industry was a typical capital intensive industry. Fresh date industry was a typical intensive and meticulous farming labor intensive industry. Fresh date industry was a typical market efficient industry. Finally， put forward suggestions for the development of fresh jujube industry： moderate scale development was the foundation of healthy development of industry； quality management was the life of the healthy development of industry； improving the mechanization and intelligent management level of greenhouse and enhancing the social service level of fresh date industry were the guarantee of the healthy development of the industry.

Key words： industrial economics； economic characteristic； fresh dates industry； current situation； experience

鮮食枣是指果实适宜鲜食的枣，其一般具有果肉脆甜、新鲜多汁、适口性好的特点。据《中国果树志·枣卷》中记载，共有700个枣品种，其中，鲜食枣品种为261个，占所有枣种的1/3以上[1]。我国鲜食枣大规模发展始于20世纪80年代中后期，山西临猗梨枣率先成为我国鲜食枣产业的开创者，随之梨枣品种遍布全国各地。到了20世纪末期，沾化冬枣异军突起，以其无可比拟的品质迅速占领市场，此后形成冬枣一统鲜食枣天下的格局。

我国鲜食枣产业发展迅速，北方枣区是鲜食枣的主产区[2]，目前已形成鲜食枣规模化种植的县主要有山东沾化、陕西大荔、山西临猗、河北黄烨4个主产县（区），主栽品种有冬枣、子弹头、爆米花、早脆王等。

在全国红枣制干枣供大于求、效益低下、撂荒刨树的情况下，鲜食枣产业依然维持着高收益，且能够吸引年轻人加入从业，很多红枣主产县（区）都在学习、模仿鲜食枣生产，但多数以失败告终，显然，鲜食枣产业有不同于制干枣产业的经济特征和规律，研究鲜食枣产业经济特征和规律，是鲜食枣产业健康、可持续发展的理论保障。

本研究以山西省临猗县设施鲜食枣产业为例，总结鲜食枣产业发展的经济特征和规律，旨在促进鲜食枣产业健康和可持续发展。

1 研究区和鲜食枣产业概况

1.1 临猗县鲜食枣生产概况