李琳 聂紫瑾 朱莉 宇振荣

摘 要：随着国家对乡村休闲旅游和生态环境保护等业态的重视，农田生态景观建设作为一种新型农业生产经营形态受到关注。本文基于北京农田生态景观发展的实践经验，总结出自然景观缺乏保护、田间道路过度硬化、农田防护树种单一、农业集约程度增加、农田生物多样性低和农田景观模式雷同6个主要問题，针对这些问题提出了自然景观保护、生态道路建设、农田生态防护、综合地力提升、生物多样保护以及农田景观提升6项生态景观工程技术，并提出了平原大田景观、设施园区景观、沟域田园景观3类农田景观构建方法。

关键词：农田生态；农田景观；都市农业；休闲农业

中图分类号：TU986 文献标识码：A DOI 编码：10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2018.06.008

Practice and Exploration of Farmland Ecological Landscape Construction in Beijing

LI Lin1， NIE Zijin1， ZHU Li1， YU Zhenrong2

（1.Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station， Beijing 100094， China；2. College of Resources and Environment， China Agricultural University， Beijing 100029， China）

Abstract： With the growing attention of the country to rural leisure tourism and ecological environment protection， ecological landscape construction of farmland has been given considerable attention as a new type of agriculture production and management. Based on the practical experience， this paper summarized six major problems in the ecological landscape of farmland in Beijing， including the lack of natural landscape protection， the excessive hardening of field roads， single species of agricultural protection forest， the increase of intensive production， the decrease of farmland biodiversity and resemblance of farmland landscape patterns. According to these problems， six ecological landscape engineering technologies were suggested， including protection of natural landscape， ecological construction of roads， ecological protection of farmland， and improvement of comprehensive land productivity， biodiversity protection and improvement of farmland landscape. Construction methods of three farmland landscape types including field landscape in the plain， facility agricultural landscape and field landscape in the valley were proposed.

Key words：farmland ecology；farmland landscape；urban agriculture；leisure agriculture

景观生态学一词于1939 年由德国地理植物学家特罗尔渊在利用航片研究东非土地利用问题时首先提出，并将景观生态学定义为研究某一景观中生物群落之间、生物群落与环境之间综合因果关系的科学，强调开展航空摄影测量学、地理学和植被生态学综合研究[1-3]。生态景观田指农业可持续发展必须从田块尺度提升到景观尺度，应用农业生态学和景观生态学原理与方法，恢复和提升农业可持续发展必须的遗传资源、授粉、天敌和害虫调控、水土涵养、污染控制、景观休闲等生态服务功能，增强农业景观生态系统弹性和生产稳定性[4-5]。简单地说生态景观是两个词的叠加，生态指生物与环境的关系，而景观指受自然和人类因素的作用与相互作用的影响而产生被人类感知的特定地区；……