О·Б·马尔科夫　А·А·罗玛索夫

摘 要：在回合战术中采取格斗行动的及时性在很大程度上取决于运动员对起动攻击的准备程度。在这一过程中有2个组成部分：判定起动的时机或准备起动；表现意志力的方式，即用什么样的方式实现自我命令或作出反应。根据伴随这些行动的心理过程研究了对起动信号作出自我命令和反应的心理机制。根据运动员的训练程度对各类心理运动反应施加了作用。最重要的是在伴随其他心理过程时发展预测反应，以便在与对手相互格斗中运动员完成自我命令，能够感知起动信号和预信号。在对抗行动中理解控制自身反应速度的规律性使运动员能够根据对抗中出现的形势利用自我命令的心理机制，预测起动信号或按照起动信号作出反应。这样的回合规律性决定了在选择练习和组织教学-训练过程时的新任务。

关键词：拳击；跆拳道；回合战术；反应时；自我命令；感知起动信号；预测起动时机；起动准备程度；相互对抗作用；意念运动反应；起动意志努力；拳击中的出拳；跆拳道中的出脚

中图分类号：G 804.87 学科代码：040303 文献标识码：A

Abstract： The timeliness of wrestling in the round tactics depends to a large extent on the degree of preparation for the starting attack. There are two components in this process： determine the timing of the start or be ready to start；the way to show the willpower， that is， what kind of way to achieve self command or response. According to the psychological process accompanying these actions， the psychological mechanism of self command and response to starting signals is studied. According to the training level of athletes， all kinds of psychomotor responses were exerted. The most important thing is to develop the predictive response with other psychological processes in order to complete the self command and be able to perceive the starting signal and the presignal in the fight with the opponent. The regularity of understanding the speed of self reaction in antagonism enables athletes to predict the starting signal or respond to the starting signal according to the psychological mechanism of self command in the situation that appears in the confrontation. The regularity of such rounds determines the new task in selecting exercises and organizing teaching training.

Keywords：boxing；taekwondo；round tactics；reaction time；self command；perceiving starting signal；predicting starting time；starting degree；mutual antagonism；thinking movement reaction；starting will effort；boxing in boxing；taekwondo feet

有關有针对性地完善个人对抗项目中随意行动的起动特征的问题至今仍然未有明确答案。研究者们仅局限在间接地叙述这一过程的机制。加快起动反应自我命令的速度是个人对抗性项目组织训练过程中的现实问题。

在与对手对抗的形势下，运动员的反应包括2个组成部分：心理部分和运动部分。……