APP下载

胎儿非整倍体产前诊断的研究进展

2018-01-27计德永王虎贾文娟方立异许克义

中国现代医生 2017年35期

计德永+王虎+贾文娟+方立异+许克义

[摘要] 产前诊断(prenatal diagnosis)是指在出生前对胚胎或胎儿的发育状态、是否患有疾病等方面进行检测诊断。通过遗传咨询,应用现代分子生物学技术,结合免疫遗传学、细胞遗传学、分子遗传学等学科,通过母体检查或对胚胎(胎儿)直接检测,了解胎儿在子宫内的生长发育状况,诊断胎儿是否有遗传缺陷及先天畸形。本文就各种产前诊断方法、最新技术、存在的不足与困难及发展前景综述如下。

[关键词] 产前诊断;胎儿细胞;荧光原位杂交技术;光谱核型分析;胎儿游离DNA

[中图分类号] R714.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)35-0161-04

[Abstract] Prenatal diagnosis refers to the detection and diagnosis of embryonic or fetal developmental state, and whether the fetus is suffering from diseases before birth. Through genetic counseling, disciplines such as modern molecular biology techniques, integrated immune genetics, cytogenetics and molecular genetics are applied. Through maternal examination or direct detection of the embryo (fetus), the growth and development status of the embryo in the uterus are understood, and whether the fetus has genetic defects and congenital malformations can be diagnosed. In this paper, a variety of prenatal diagnosis methods, the latest technology, existing shortcomings and difficulties, as well as development prospects are reviewed below.

[Key words] Prenatal diagnosis; Fetal cells; Fluorescence in situ hybridization; Spectrometric karyotyping; Fetal free DNA

我国是出生缺陷的高发国,据统计,每120~150个新生儿中就有一个染色体异常者,每年新增出生缺陷数约为90万例,染色体病是最为严重的出生缺陷之一[1]。21-三体综合征、18-三体综合征、13-三体综合征这三种是发病率较高的常染色体病,以非整倍体异常多见。其中21-三体综合征在新生儿的发病率最高,约占1.2‰~1.7‰,21-三体和18-三体约占围生期出生缺陷的0.15%,占围生期常染色体非整倍体的95%左右[2]。染色体病患者大多伴有严重的智力发育障碍和严重的某些组织畸形等,且目前尚无有效的治疗措施,因此加强产前诊断以便降低先天缺陷患儿出生率成为学者们研究的热点。

1 胎儿非整倍体的产前筛查方法

1.1 孕妇年龄筛查

孕妇妊娠唐氏综合征胎儿的危险度与年龄呈正相关,当孕妇年龄超过30岁后,危险度随之升高,尤其是当孕妇年龄超过35岁时则被列为妊娠唐氏综合征胎儿的高危人群。……

登录APP查看全文