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从2017年全国卷阅读理解看英语词汇“转化法”
——以名词与动词相互转化为例

2017-12-15安徽胡晓英特级教师

教学考试(高考英语) 2017年6期
关键词:形容词

安徽 胡晓英(特级教师)

从2017年全国卷阅读理解看英语词汇“转化法”
——以名词与动词相互转化为例

安徽 胡晓英(特级教师)

转化法是英语常用六种构词法的重要组成部分。它有别于派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法和首字母缩略法,是指由一种词性转化为另一种词性的构词形式。2017年高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ中多处运用了转化法,本文只着眼三套试卷的“阅读理解”部分,择其要点稍作归纳,旨在引起广大师生对该构词法的足够重视以便更好地运用它提升英语阅读理解能力和表达水平。

一、试卷回放

(一)全国新课标卷Ⅰ

1.Our exhibits will feed your mind...

点拨:exhibit常作动词,表示“展出”;此句中转换为名词,表示“展览品”。

2.Our cafe offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials.

点拨:special常作形容词,表示“特殊的”;此句中转换为名词,表示“特制产品”。

3.It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals...

点拨:individual常作形容词,表示“单个的”;此句中转换为名词,表示“个人”。

4.My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.

点拨 :anchor常作名词,表示“锚”;此句中转换为动词,表示“使……固定”。

5.I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.

点拨:place常作名词,表示“地点”;此句中转换为动词,表示“放置”。

calm常作形容词,表示“镇静的”;此句中转换为动词,表示“镇静”。

6.I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home...

点拨:head常作名词,表示“头”;此句中转换为动词,表示“朝(某方向)行进”。

7.UNESCO recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying voice across cultures.

点拨:potential常作形容词,表示“潜在的”;此句中转换为名词,表示“潜在性”。

8.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up...

点拨:rest常作名词,表示“休息,剩余”,如第二个rest所示,表示“剩余”;转换为动词时,表示“<使>休息,<使>倚靠”,如此句第一个rest所示,表示“倚靠”。

9.Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.

点拨:secure常作形容词,表示“牢固的”;此句中转换为动词,表示“将……扣紧,将……关严”。weight常作名词,表示“重量”;此句中转换为动词,表示“在……上加重量”。

10.The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.

点拨:center常作名词,表示“中心”;此句中转换为动词,表示“把……放在中央”。

(二)全国新课标卷Ⅱ

1.This production of Shakespeare’sRichardⅢ will be directed by the National’s Associate Director, Wang Xiaoying.

点拨:direct常作形容词,表示“笔直的”;此句中转换为动词,表示“导演”。

associate常作动词,表示“联系”;此句中转换为形容词,表示“副的”。

2.This production of Shakespeare’sThe Merchant of Venicemarks their first visit to the U.K.

点拨:mark常作名词,表示“标记”;此句中转换为动词,表示“表明”。

3.I last saw him a few months ago.

点拨:last 常作形容词,表示“上一个的”;此句中转换为副词,表示“上一次”。

4. ...and those numbers will likely rise...

点拨:likely常作形容词,表示“可能的”;此句中转换为副词,表示“可能”。

5.Mann said Terrafugia was helped ...to create a separate set of standards...

点拨:separate常作动词,表示“使……分开”;此句中转换为形容词,表示“分开的”。

6.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant...

点拨:chemical常作形容词,表示“化学的”;此句中转换为名词,表示“化学物质”。

7.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.

点拨:lunch常作名词,表示“午餐”;此句中转换为动词,表示“用午餐”。

8.When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned...

点拨:set常作动词,表示“设置”;此句中转换为形容词,表示“确定的”。

(三)全国新课标卷Ⅲ

1.Enjoy fun history as we take you through San Francisco for a free taste of ice cream.

点拨:fun常作名词,表示“乐趣”;此句中转换为形容词,表示“有趣的”。

2.The film classicThe Last Picture Showwas the last movie shown in the old theater.

点拨:classic常作形容词,表示“第一流的”;此句中转换为名词,表示“经典作品”。

3.Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.

点拨:firm常作形容词,表示“牢固的”;此句中转换为名词,表示“商行”。

complex常作形容词,表示“复杂的”;此句中转换为名词,表示“建筑群”。

4.It signaled the closedown of the theater.

点拨:signal常作名词,表示“信号”;此句中转换为动词,表示“标志”。

5.The audience requested it.

点拨:request常作名词,表示“要求”;此句中转换为动词,表示“要求”。

6.They are sad to part with the old theater.

点拨:part常作名词,表示“部分”;此句中转换为动词,表示“分别”。

7.Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.

点拨:fear常作名词,表示“害怕”;此句中转换为动词,表示“害怕”。

8.The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.

点拨:address常作名词,表示“地址”;此句中转换为动词,表示“设法解决”。

二、句例归纳

上面26个句例中的词性转换规则归纳如下:

规 则 句 例 合计 词 例n. → v.卷Ⅰ4, 卷Ⅰ5,卷Ⅰ6,卷Ⅰ8,卷Ⅰ9,卷Ⅰ10,卷Ⅱ2,卷Ⅱ7,卷Ⅲ4,卷Ⅲ5,卷Ⅲ6,卷Ⅲ7,卷Ⅲ8 13 anchor,place,head,rest,weight,center,mark,lunch,signal, request, part,fear,address v. → n. 卷Ⅰ1 1 exhibit n. → adj. 卷Ⅲ1 1 fun adj. → n. 卷Ⅰ2,卷Ⅰ3,卷Ⅰ7,卷Ⅱ6,卷Ⅲ 2,卷Ⅲ 3 6 special,individual,potential,chemical,classic, fi rm v. → adj. 卷Ⅱ1,卷Ⅱ5,卷Ⅱ8 3 associate,separate,set adj. → v. 卷Ⅰ5,卷Ⅱ1,卷Ⅰ9 3 calm, direct,secure adj. → adv. 卷Ⅱ3,卷Ⅱ4 2 last,likely

从表中可以看出,今年高考全国卷阅读理解部分词性转化法出现频率最高的是由名词转换成动词,其次是由形容词转换成名词。

由本体词性转换成新词性的单词常常在意思上与本体词之间有着内在的联系,需要我们教师在教学中启发、引导学生进行合理的推断。掌握好转化法知识有利于快速准确理解英语材料。为了帮助学生更好地把握转化法知识,下面我们一起以名词与动词相互转换为例探讨这一词法现象。

三、转换集录

结合《牛津高中英语》第三模块第一单元The world of our senses的Word power Parts of speech和以往英语阅读所积累的转化法点滴,现列出常见的名词与动词相互转换规则、词例及其应用句例,以飨读者。

(一)由名词转换成动词

1.词例

(1)book(n.书→v.预定)

(2)hand(n.手→v.递)

(3)milk(n.奶→v.给……挤奶;趁机捞好处)

(4)shape(n.形状→v.使成为……形 状;决定……的形成)

(5)shoulder(n.肩膀→v.扛,挑;承担)

2.句例

(1)Guided by the book, the couple booked a grand hotel at a reasonable price. 按照书的说明,那对夫妇以合理的价格预定到了旅馆。

(2)My right hand injured, I had to hand him the dictionary with my left one. 因右手受伤,我只好用左手递给他那本词典。

(3)To make more money to support his large family,the villager used to choose cows producing the most milk on the farm to milk, but things changed after he milked the farm of a small fortune.为了赚更多的钱养活一大家人,那位村民过去常常挑选农场上产奶最多的奶牛挤奶,但自从他揩了农场的油,捞了一大笔钱后,情况发生了变化。

(4)His idea was shaped by his experience of shaping the pile of snow into a ball.他的想法来自于他将雪堆弄成雪球的经历。

(5)The young man shouldering a bag shrugged his shoulders and said he would shoulder the blame for the great loss. 扛着包的年轻人耸了耸肩,说他会对巨大损失承担责任。

3.性异意同

在由名词转换成动词时,某些名词和动词汉语意思相同,如:abuse(滥用),act(行为),aid(援助),aim(瞄准),approach(靠近),attack(袭击),balance(平衡),bite(咬),boom(繁荣),brake (刹车),challenge(挑战),change(改变),chat(聊天),cheer(欢呼),comfort(安慰),command(命令),comment(评论),conflict(冲突), control(控制),cough(咳嗽),crash(碰撞),desire(渴望),doubt(怀疑),envy(忌妒),exchange(交换),export(出口),guarantee(担保),harvest(收割),import(进口),interview(采访,面试),journey(旅行),knock(敲),lack(缺乏),limit(限制),link(联系),murder(谋杀),play(玩耍),picnic(野餐),praise(赞扬),press(按),purchase(购买),quarrel(争吵),rescue(营救),research(研究),respect(尊重),rise(提高),roll(滚动),rule(统治),sacrifice(牺牲),supply(供给),transport(运输),trial(试验,试用),trip(绊倒),welcome(欢迎)等等。

注意:有的名词和动词的重音不同,名词重音在第一个音节上而动词的重音在第二个音节上,如:conflict,export,import,transport等。

(二)由动词转换成名词

1.词例

(1)build(v.建造→n.体形)

(2)deal(v.贩毒→n.交易)

(3)defeat(v.击败→n.失败)

(4)make(v.制造→n.型号)

(5)permit(v.准许→n.许可证)

2.句例

(1)The worker of average build helped build the skyscraper.中等身材的工人帮助建造了摩天大楼。

(2)Unable to make another deal with the drugproducer, he couldn’t deal again. 因没能再与产毒者达成交易,他无法再次贩毒。

(3)They predicted that their basketball team would be defeated but they had never expected that it should be a heavy defeat.他们预言到他们的篮球队会被打败但他们压根没料想到会是惨败。

(4)So many different makes of cars on show put great pressure on the factories that make the cars. 展览中如此多不同型号的车给造车厂带来了很大的压力。

(5)Without a fishing permit, fishermen are not permitted to fish in this lake.没有钓鱼许可证,钓鱼者不许在这个湖里钓鱼。

3.性异意同

在转化法中某些动词和其名词汉语意思相同,如:ache(疼痛),blame(责备),bounce(弹跳),bow(鞠躬),boycott(抵制),buy(购买),call(打电话),care(担忧),check(检查),click(点击),climb(攀登),decrease(减少),dislike(不喜欢),escape(逃脱),fit(适合;合身),flash(闪耀),guess(猜),hate(厌恶),help(帮助),hold(握),hope(希望),hug(拥抱),hurry(匆忙),increase(增加),kick(踢),knock(敲,击),laugh(大笑),launch(发射),let(出租),look(看),mix(混合),move(移动),nod(点头),post(邮寄),pull(拉),push(推),reform(改革),repair(修理),return(返回),run(跑),rush(匆忙),sail(乘船航行),shake(摇动),shave(刮脸),shout(叫喊),sigh(叹息),smell(闻),smile(微笑),spin(快速旋转),spit(吐痰),split(分裂),spread(传播),start(开始),stay(停留),stop(停止),strike(罢工),support(支持),throw(扔),touch(触摸),travel(旅行),tremble(颤抖),try(尝试),twist(扭动),use(运用),wash(洗),waste(浪费),watch(注视),win(赢),whisper(低语),wish(愿望),wipe(擦),yell(大叫)等等。

注意:有的动词和名词的重音不同,动词的重音在第二个音节上而名词重音在第一个音节上,如:decrease,increase。

四、边练边悟

(一)由名词转换成动词

A.翻译下列句子并注明画线部分单词的意思。

(1)The little boy made Lines A and B form an angle of 90 degrees and then angled the chair he was sitting on to show me his drawing.

(2)The person sitting on the middle chair will chair the meeting today.

(3)Channel 5 has said that money for the sport project will be channelled through the local government.

(4)The terrible flood finally flooded the whole mountain village.

(5)Lack of liquid fuel to fuel the motor fueled the driver’s worry.

(6)The sales assistant selling everyday objects objected to customers carrying shopping bags into her section.

B.给出下列名词所转换成的动词的意思,仿照A部分造句并翻译成汉语。

(1)bandagen.绷带;vt.___________

(2)bargainn.减价品;vi. ___________

(3)chalkn.粉笔;vt. ___________

(4)circlen.圆圈;vt. ___________

(5)maskn.面具;vt. ___________

(6)pricen.价格;vt. ___________

(7)priden.自豪;vt. ___________

(8)privilegen.优惠待遇;vt. ___________

(9)processn.过程;vt. ___________

(10)sponsorn.赞助商;vt. ___________

(二)由动词转换成名词

A.翻译下列句子并注明画线部分单词的意思。

(1)Everyone clapped the prize winners and the thunderous clap was really impressive.

(2)She often dreams at night and the dreams sometimes prevent her from sleeping well.

(3)The engineer will go to have a go at repairing the engine.

(4)From the deep folds I can see my mother has read and folded the letter many times.

(5)My Spanish friend treated me to dinner in a Chinese restaurant, which was a special treat.

(6)The little boy reached his hand for the chocolate bar on the table but it was out of his reach.

B.给出下列动词所转换成的名词的意思,仿照A部分造句并翻译成汉语。

(1)bendvi.拐弯;n. ___________

(2)betvt.用……打赌;n. ___________

(3)findvt.发现;n. ___________

(4)finishv.结束;n. ___________

(5)keepvt.供养,养活;n. ___________

(6)lievi.说谎;n. ___________

(7)offervt.主动提出,自愿给予;n. ___________

(8)measurevt.测量;n. ___________

(9)wearvt.穿戴;n. ___________

(10)yawnvi.打哈欠;n. ___________

五、温馨提示

(一)应对熟词生义

英语阅读中常常会遇到熟词生义的现象,要求读者在“熟词”上开动脑筋,利用原本熟悉的意思作为思维的原点,对熟词的生义进行大胆推测,不断反思新生词意与本体词意间的内在联系,牢牢把握其中的规律。否则,阅读活动就会受阻于熟词的生义。

在名词与动词相互转换中,新生词意与本体词意间常常有着多样性联系:

身体部位与其职能,如肩膀与扛(shoulder);

形式与其功能,如信号与标志(signal);

物品与其作用,如面具与掩饰(mask);

动作与其使用的对象,如用绷带包扎与绷带(bandage);

动作与其产出,如挤奶与奶(milk);

动作执行者与其动作,如赞助商与赞助(sponsor),等等。

因此,我们阅读中遇到词汇转化现象时要结合文本,利用上下文广开思维,勤总结、多积累。

(二)运用性异意同

英语转化法中有大量的动词和名词具有相同的汉语意思,教师除了阅读中引导学生注意这种现象外,更有必要在教学中有计划地安排学生集中学习,要求他们在语境中进行运用,通过合理的输入与输出,达到熟记活用的程度。

需要特别注意的是单独学习词汇势必乏味,难以奏效。词汇学习应在恰当的语境中进行。语境的支撑、提醒和固化作用是高效学习词汇的必备前提。

【参考答案】

(一)由名词转换成动词

A.翻译下列句子并注明画线部分单词的意思。

(1)小男孩使A、B线成直角,然后斜移了所坐的椅子,给我看他的画。

anglen.角度;vt.斜移。

(2)坐在中间椅子上的那个人将主持今天的会议。

chairn.椅子;vt.主持。

(3)5频道说这次体育项目的资金将由地方政府提供。

channeln.频道;vt.输送。

(4)可怕的洪水最终淹没了整个山村。

floodn.洪水;vt.淹没。

(5)发动机缺乏液态燃料为动力,增加了驾驶员的担忧。

fueln.燃料;vt.给……提供燃料,(引申义)加强。

(6)那位卖日用品的售货员反对顾客带购物袋进入她的专柜。

objectn.物品;vi.反对。

B.给出下列名词所转换成的动词的意思,仿照A部分造句并翻译成汉语。

(1)vt.用绷带包扎。

Though the nurse had bandaged his wound, blood started from the bandage.虽然护士用绷带包扎了他的伤口,血还是从绷带上渗了出来。

(2)vi.讨价还价。

After bargaining with the seller over the price of the second-hand car, I got a real bargain.与卖家就车进行还价后,我买到了真正的便宜货。

(3)vt.用粉笔写。

Finding no red chalk, the teacher chalked the title in yellow on the blackboard.没有发现红色粉笔,老师用黄色粉笔在黑板上写了标题。

(4)vt.圈出。

The boy students preferring drawing circles circled,instead of underlining, the spelling mistakes in the article. 更喜欢画圈的男生们没有在文章拼写错误处标下划线而是圈出了它们。

(5)vt.掩饰。

The robber wearing a stocking mask masked his fear with coldness.那位戴着长筒袜面罩的强盗用冷漠掩饰害怕。

(6)vt.给……定价。

With the rise of the cost of goods, prices have been increasing. The buffet in the restaurant has been double priced.随着商品成本的提高,价格在不断上扬。这家饭店的自助餐定价上涨了一倍。

(7)vt.以……为自豪。

The sight of her son graduating with honors filled her with pride and her son also prided himself on his performance.看到儿子以优异成绩毕业,她充满了自豪;她儿子也为自己的表现感到骄傲。

(8)vt.给……优惠待遇。

The education policies that privilege the students from poor families give them opportunities to enjoy privileges.优待贫困家庭学生的教育政策给了他们享受优惠的机会。

(9)vt.加工。

Seeing how the sausage was processed, I really felt the process was not easy.看到如何加工香肠,我确实感到加工过程不容易。

(10)vt.赞助。

The sponsor who sponsored the show controlled its content.赞助演出的赞助商掌控了它的主题。

(二)由动词转换成名词

A.翻译下列句子并注明画线部分单词的意思。

(1)大家都为获奖选手们鼓掌。那雷鸣般的掌声真的令人难忘。

clapvt.为……鼓掌;n.鼓掌,掌声。

(2)她经常夜间做梦,这些梦有时候使她睡不好。

dreamvi.做梦;n.梦。

(3)工程师将去尝试修理发动机。

govi.去;n.尝试。

(4)我从深深的折痕可以看出妈妈曾多次阅读、折叠那封信。

foldn.折痕;vi.折叠。

(5)我的西班牙朋友请我在中餐厅吃晚餐,那是特别的款待。

treatvt.招待;n.款待。

(6)小男孩伸手够餐桌上的巧克力棒,但是没够着。

reachvt.伸手够;n.能够到的范围。

B.给出下列动词所转换成的名词的意思,仿照A部分造句并翻译成汉语。

(1)n.弯道。

The road bends sharply to the right and so many traffic accidents have happened at the sharp bend.路向右急转弯,在那急拐弯处发生了许多交通事故。

(2)n.打赌,赌注。

My cousin had bet 2 000yuanon his favorite football team’s win but he lost the bet.我堂哥下2 000元赌他最喜爱的足球队会赢,但他赌输了。

(3)n.发现物,被发现的人(尤指有趣、有价值或有用者)。

An ancient tomb was found last week and it turned out to be an important archaeological find.上周发现了一座古墓,结果证明是考古的重大发现。

(4)n.结尾,结局。

The film finished at 10:00 pm and the unexpected finish to the film story impressed me deeply.电影晚上十点结束,电影故事出乎意料的结局给我留下了深刻的印象。

(5)n.生活必需品,生活费用。

The poor young man who had to work to earn his own keep in his teens now has a large family to keep.可怜的年轻人十几岁时就得工作挣自己的生活费,现在得养活一大家人。

(6)n.谎言。

The middle-aged woman often lies to others so people don’t believe her lies now.那位中年妇女经常对他人撒谎,因此人们现在不相信她的谎言。

(7)n.建议,主动提议,出价。

The seller offered the second-hand bike for 100yuan. The buyer gladly accepted the offer.卖家出价100元卖那辆二手自行车,买家欣然接受出价。

(8)n.尺寸。

The tailor measured his customer with a ruler and wrote down her measure. 裁缝用尺子测量了他的顾客的身材并写下了她的尺寸。

(9)n.……时穿的衣服,……装。

My aunt is good at wearing proper clothes who has different styles of formal wear, casual wear and evening wear.我的婶婶擅长得体穿着,她有不同款式的正装、便装和晚礼服。

(10)n.哈欠。

Tired from listening to the lecture, some students yawned again and again. Seeing so many yawns, the lecturer let the students take a break.因疲于听讲座,一些学生一再打哈欠。看到如此多的哈欠,演讲者让学生们休息会儿。

安徽省池州市第一中学)

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