困境儿童概念、政策发展及社会支持网络建构
2017-12-01汪玲萍刘庆新
汪玲萍++刘庆新
摘要:困境儿童概念起源于国际组织对特别困难环境中的儿童的关注和保护,经过学者、政府和国际组织的发展,逐步归纳出困境儿童的内涵和类型。我国近年来对困境儿童的政策关注越来越多,逐步重视和扩大对困境儿童的保护。针对困境儿童的三类困境来源,构建困境儿童个体、家庭、朋辈群体和社区四个层面的社会支持网络成为必要。
Abstract: The concept of the plight of children originated from the attention and protection of international organizations to children in particularly difficult circumstances. After the development of scholars, governments and international organizations, the connotation and types of the plight of children were gradually concluded. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the plight of children in China, and it has gradually paid attention to and expanded the protection of the plight of children. For the three types of difficulties sources of the plight of children, the construction of social support network of the plight of children from four aspects of individual, family, peer groups and communities has become necessary.
关键词:困境儿童;概念;政策;社会支持网络
Key words: the plight of children;concept;policy;social support network
中图分类号:D432.5 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-4311(2017)36-0221-03
0 引言
儿童本应受到全社会的关心和爱护,但有一些儿童因身体残疾、经济窘迫、监护缺失等个人的、家庭的、社会的原因陷入了生存、教育和发展困境,他们的健康和权益甚至生命受到严重侵害的恶性极端事件屡见报道。因此,在党的十八届三中全会首次提出“健全困境儿童分类保障制度”之后,“困境儿童”这一群体已经成为政府机构、社会组织和学界关注和研究的热点。
1 困境儿童概念的起源
困境儿童概念部分源自国际组织。自1923年《儿童权利宪章》被救助儿童国际联盟认可,到1959年联合国大会通过《儿童权利宣言》,直至1989年11月20日联合国大会通过《儿童权利公约》(Convention on the Rights of the Child,CRC),西方社会在涉及到儿童社会福利的政策中多次用不同词语表述困境儿童以及类似的概念。例如,CRC在序言中闡述“世界各国都有生活在极端困难情况下的儿童(children living in exceptionally difficult conditions),这些儿童需要给予特别的照顾”。[1]如果说CRC是国际社会表达出对全球儿童福利事业……
