张敬夫+刘金鑫+张忠兰+杨守军+史淑一

摘要：通过不同比例的粉煤灰、磷矿粉和鸡粪混合施用，研究其对果园酸性土壤修复效应及苹果产量和品质的影响。试验共设4个处理，处理1：空白对照，处理2：粉煤灰3 150 kg/hm2+磷矿粉3 150 kg/hm2+鸡粪5 250 kg/hm2，处理3：粉煤灰2 100 kg/hm2+磷矿粉2 100 kg/hm2+鸡粪10 500 kg/hm2，处理4：粉煤灰1 050 kg/hm2+磷矿粉1 050 kg/hm2+鸡粪15 750 kg/hm2。结果表明，在果实成熟期，处理2、3、4土壤pH值分别比对照提高了30.57%、27.73%、24.88%；处理3土壤碱解氮、速效钾含量以及微生物总量显著高于其它处理，但土壤缓冲能力低于处理4，有效磷含量低于处理2；处理3果实产量最高，品质最优，但与处理4间无显著差异。综合分析认为，本试验条件下粉煤灰2 100 kg/hm2 +磷矿粉2 100 kg/hm2 +鸡粪10 500 kg/hm2能有效地改良果园酸性土壤，促进果实增产提质。

关键词：粉煤灰；磷矿粉；鸡粪；酸性土壤；pH值；土壤修復

中图分类号：S661.106 文献标识号：A 文章编号：1001-4942（2017）08-0082-04

Abstract Flyash， phosphate rock and chicken manure were mixed and then were applied into acidic soil in apple orchard to evaluate the effects on acidic soil restoration and yield and quality of apple. The study contained four treatments， i.e. treatment 1： control； treatment 2： 3 150 kg flyash+3 150 kg phosphate rock+5 250 kg chicken manure per hectare； treatment 3： 2 100 kg flyash+2 100 kg phosphate rock+10 500 kg chicken manure per hectare； treatment 4： 1 050 kg flyash+1 050 kg phosphate rock +15 750 kg chicken manure per hectare. The results showed that the soil pH value of treatment 2， 3 and 4 increased by 30.57%， 27.73% and 24.88% respectively compared to control in the mature period of apple fruit.Under treatment 3， the available nitrogen and potassium contents and microorganism population in soil were the highest compared to the other treatments， but the soil buffering capacity and available phosphorus content were lower than that of treatment 4 and treatment 2， respectively. Although the fruit yield and fruit quality of treatment 3 were the best among the treatments， but no differences were seen between it and treatment 4. It is concluded that flyash， phosphate rock and chicken manure mixed at the level of 2 100， 2 100 kg and 10 500 kg per hectare could obviously meliorate acidic soil in apple orchard， and therefore increased fruit yield and quality.

Keywords Flyash；Phosphate rock； Chicken manure； Acidic soil； pH value； Soil restoration

胶东地区红富士苹果以其色泽艳丽、个大脆甜而著称，也是当地农民的主要经济来源。在追求产量提升的大背景下，化学肥料的大量施用导致了果园土壤酸化并呈现逐年加重的趋势，造成土壤退化和果实生理病害频发，成为制约胶东地区乃至全国集约化果业生产的一个重大问题。当施用铵态氮肥时，在作物根系尚未吸收之前，由于微生物的硝化作用能导致硝酸的形成，而作物吸收NH+4的同时又会释放H+；当施用硫肥时，硫化细菌利用能源的释放将二氧化硫固定并形成硫酸；当施用磷肥时，水解产生的氢离子则直接导致反应区域土壤的酸化[1-4]。除了不当的化肥应用措施外，有机肥施用不足导致土壤缓冲能力下降以及作物对碱基阳离子的大量吸收而土壤没有得到及时的补充也是造成土壤酸化的重要原因[3]。……