房锋+魏代平+李美+高兴祥+李健+李燕

摘要：大穗看麦娘（Alopecurus myosuroides）为麦田恶性杂草，目前在黄淮海冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）主产区麦田有分布、危害。为明确该草对小麦产量影响的特点和程度，2013—2015年在济南市研究了67.5、135.0、202.5 kg/hm2 3个小麦播种量下，不同密度大穗看麦娘对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。结果显示：3种小麦播种量下，大穗看麦娘密度为10株/m2时小麦产量减产率达10.4%、6.6%、4.6%，草密度各为280、240、240株/m2时小麦产量减产率为57.3%、62.3%、52.3%。大穗看麦娘对小麦产量构成因素中的穗密度影响最大，其次是穗粒数，对千粒重的影响不显著。小麦播种量67.5 kg/hm2、草密度为280株/m2时，小麦穗密度减少57.5%；小麦播种量135.0 kg/hm2和202.5 kg/hm2、杂草密度均为240株/m2时，小麦穗密度分别减少54.6%和36.2%。适时防除和适当密植可有效减轻大穗看麦娘危害。

关键词：大穗看麦娘；小麦；种植密度；产量

中图分类号：S451+S512.1 文献标识号：A 文章编号：1001-4942（2017）08-0119-05

Abstract Alopecurus myosuroides is one of the most serious weeds in some main production areas of winter wheat in China，which seriously affected wheat yield. To make clear its influencing characteristics on wheat yield， ten Alopecurus myosuroides densities were set to study the effects on wheat yield and its components under 3 wheat sowing amounts as 67.5， 135.0 and 202.5 kg/hm2. The results showed that under the 3 sowing amounts，the wheat yield loss rate was 10.4%， 6.6% and 4.6% respectively when Alopecurus myosuroides density was 10 plants per square meter；but when the Alopecurus myosuroides density was 280，240，240 plants square meter，the wheat yield loss rate was 57.3%，62.3% and 52.3%. The effect of Alopecurus myosuroides on wheat yield was primarily through inhibiting the spike density and grain number per spike. It had no significant effect on 1000-grain weight.When the Alopecurus myosuroides density was 280 plants per square meter and the wheat sowing amount was 67.5 kg per hectare， the spike density of wheat reduced by 57.5%. When the Alopecurus myosuroides density was 240 plants per square meter and the wheat sowing amounts were 135.0 and 202.5 kg per hectare， the spike density of wheat reduced by 54.6% and 36.2% respectively.Timely control Alopecurus myosuroides and properly increasing sowing amount of wheat could effectively reduce the harm of Alopecurus myosuroides.

Keywords Alopecurus myosuroides； Wheat； Planting density；Yield

大穗看麥娘为一年生杂草，原产中国台湾，在欧亚两洲的温带也有分布[1]。从20世纪60年代，该杂草开始在欧洲西北部及中部严重危害，是目前农田危害最重的杂草之一[2，3]，也是抗药性最为严重的杂草之一[4]。据报告，大穗看麦娘种子繁殖能力强，适应性强，适生范围广，易传播[5，6]。在麦田该草根系能够产生非常强的化感物质影响小麦根系生长[7]，随其在田间分布的增多、密度的加大，可造成小麦大幅减产[2]。

高兴祥等2014年首次报道在中国大陆地区山东冬小麦田有大穗看麦娘的分布，并研究了啶磺草胺、甲基二磺隆、唑啉草酯、炔草酯、精噁唑禾草灵、氟唑磺隆、肟草酮、异丙隆等药剂对其的防除效果，显示前5种药剂防除效果较好[8，9]。……