郑福丽+张柏松+崔荣宗+魏建林+李国生+李燕+谭德水

摘要：采用室内培养法研究不同有机物料速效氮、有效磷、速效钾养分的释放特性。试验结果表明，豆粕有机肥（150 d）矿质氮释放量为8.04%，有效磷释放量为75.96%，随培养时间延长其释放量逐渐下降，速效钾释放量为23.44%，与培养时间长短没有相关性。供试条件下，施入糖渣可以增加土壤有效磷、速效钾含量，但培养时间长短对其没有明显影响，施入糖渣后抑制了土壤氮素的矿化，其矿质氮含量始终低于对照处理。菌渣施入土壤也抑制了土壤氮素的矿化，整个培养期间矿质氮含量始终低于对照处理，随培养时间延長速效钾释放量逐渐下降，菌渣Ⅰ和菌渣Ⅱ（150 d）速效钾释放量分别为28.31%和17.34%，施用菌渣Ⅰ对土壤有效磷没有影响，菌渣Ⅱ处理随培养时间延长释放量逐渐增加，培养150 d时有效磷释放量为46.08%。

关键词：有机物料；矿质氮；有效磷；速效钾

中图分类号：S141 文献标识号：A 文章编号：1001-4942（2017）08-0078-04

Abstract By incubation experiment， we studied the releasing rule of available N， P and K in soybean meal organic fertilizer， fungi residues and sugar residue. The results showed that the releasing rate of mineral nitrogen and available P were 8.04% and 75.96% respectively after the application of soybean meal organic fertilizer in soil for 150 days， but its release rate gradually declined with the extension of incubation time； its releasing rate of available K was 23.44%， and had no obvious correlation with incubation time. Sugar residue could increase the available P and K contents in soil and not be affected by incubation time； its application could inhibit the mineralization of N， so the mineral nitrogen content was always lower than that of CK. Fungi residues also inhibited the mineralization of nitrogen in soil and the mineral N was lower than that of CK during the incubation period； the releasing rate of available K gradually declined with the extension of incubation time， which were 28.31% and 17.34% respectively under the fungi residue Ⅰand Ⅱafter application for 150 days； fungi residue Ⅰ had no effect on available P in soil， while that of fungi residue Ⅱ increased with the extension of incubation time， which was 46.08% at the ending of incubation.

Keywords Organic material； Mineral nitrogen； Available P； Available K

有机物料施入土壤后的养分循环是当前国内外可持续农业研究的一个核心问题[1]。近年来， 关于有机肥的研究多集中在改善土壤理化性状、土壤肥力、土壤养分平衡等培肥效果，以及提高作物产量、品质等方面。而对有机肥的转化和释放规律的研究较少，而且已有的研究多集中在畜禽粪便类有机肥中氮、磷、钾在土壤中的转化与分解[2]，对农业有机废弃物如秸秆菌渣之类的有机物料研究甚少[3，4]，因此研究土壤中不同有机物料营养元素的释放规律， 对进一步完善作物生产中有机物料的施用有重要作用。……