杨华新

2017年高考已然落下帷幕。笔者对比2016年高考英语全国I卷的语法填空和短文改错题，发现今年的比去年的稍易，但其中有个别题目考生容易“错填误改”。究其原因，除了试题本身具有一定的迷惑性外，主要是考生“先入为主”的解题陋习惹的祸。请看：

1.（2017年全国Ⅰ卷语法填空） There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend， which was started by the medical community （医学界） 61 a method of fighting heart disease， has had some uninterested side effects ...

解析：见到method一词，不少考生以为该题考查with ...method“用……方法”，故条件反射地填了with。而原句的意思是：这个趋势是由医学界发起的，“作为（as）”对抗心脏病的一种方法……，故填with显然与原意相悖。

2. （2017年全国Ⅰ卷短文改错） ... A few minutes later， the instructor asked me to stop the car. It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.

解析：本题设置极其巧妙，暗藏陷阱。本题考查in the middle of（在……中间）这一词组，而on the road“在路上”也是固定搭配，恰好连在一起，故此题极具干扰性。有的考生先入为主，误以为on the road是对的，因此没有意识到此处的on错了。

综上所述，表面上看起来很基础的语法填空和短文改错题，有时也会隐藏玄机，建议考生在解答此类题目时，必须打起精神，杜绝“先入为主”的答题陋习，方能避开干扰，准确填改。答题时，应力争做到以下三点：

1. 立足语境，切忌臆断。

做题前，先快速浏览全文，通篇理解，注意上下文语境，不可主观臆断。如上述提及的短文改错题，由语境可知是考查in the middle of而并非on the road。

2. 分析结构，确定成分。

遇到纠结之处，必须放慢步伐，认真分析结构，划分句子成分，判断该空词性，最终确定形式。

3. 关注搭配，甄别细微。

在语法填空和短文改错中，介词和冠词有时会以固定搭配的形式来考查。故考生在复习备考的过程中须积累相关的短语，尤其要关注那些“貌合神离”的词组，解题时切不可张冠李戴。如：

a second time 再次

the second time第二次

go to church 去做禮拜

go to the church去教堂

take place发生

take the place of取代

out of question毫无问题

out of the question不可能的

exchange sth with sb同某人交换某物

exchange A for B用A换B

take advantage of 充分利用

have an advantage over在……方面比较有利

在教学中，笔者发现，不少考生因“先入为主”的做题习惯，导致他们在解答语法填空和短文改错时丢了不该丢的分。基于此，笔者特意对学生平时的易错题进行了整理，希望对下一届的考生能起到抛砖引玉的作用。

一、高考题

1.（2007年广东卷）... While she was getting me____________（settle）into a tiny but clean room， the head of the village was tying up ...

2.（2007年广东卷）The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to____________small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage.

3.（2008年广东卷）... He was tired of doing this for a whole day， but he felt very happy since the crop did“grow”______ （high）.

4.（2009年广东卷）Jane paused in front of a counter where some attractive ties were on display. “They are real silk，”the assistant tried to attract her.“Worth double the price.”But Jane knew from past experience that her____________（choose） of ties hardly ever pleased her father.

5.（2014年广东卷）We were told that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week， but for the week after. I didnt understand____________this would happen.

6.（2014年全国Ⅱ卷）There were many people waiting at the bus stop，____________some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.

7.（2016年全国I卷）Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires， Asias biggest building， and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me， pandas are its top____________（attract）.

二、模拟题

1.（2017届广州一模）She is the little boys grandmother， and her daughter， Nicole， bought____________house next door last October.

2.（2017屆广州一模）Communication____________us is somewhat difficult because she doesnt speak English and all I can say in Chinese is hello.

3.（2017届汕头一模）A story about violinist Fritz Kresler tells how he once came across a beautiful instrument he wanted to acquire. When he finally raised the money for the violin， he returned to buy it but learned that it____________（sell） to a collector.

4.（2017届汕头三模）I was placed in a special school， together with children who suffered from different diseases. However， I studied hard and finally entered an ordinary school with ordinary kids， trying to enjoy my life like any other kid____________my age.

5.（2017届广州模拟）Shawns dad understood his silence. “You havent even started， have you？You promise youd take care of____________first thing this morning.”

6.（2017届临门一卷）Muslim Street is a____________（history） market road in Xian，China that dates back more than 1，000 years.

7.（ 2017届山东菏泽一模）My father always had a garden. He once found a plot（小块土地） even when we lived in the house with someone else. They always appreciated the vegetables he provided in exchange____________his use of the garden plot.

8.（2017届河南南阳等六市一模）Without a cell phone at hand， Sun tried yelling to get attention of people outside， but no one responded as time passed by. He slipped a note through the door with the message ... and hoped someone 6 （pick） it up and act on it.

9.（2017届高三英语考前热身）Following the huge success of this show， another show， “Readers”，has also aroused great interest____________the audience.

10.（2017届模拟题）改错题：Gathering at the entrance of the station， we were told to collect as many English words and sentences as possible here.

11.（2017届广州模拟）改错题：Last night， I dreamt that I was digging a hole in my backyard. After which seemed like hours of digging， two objects came into view.

12.（2017届考前热身）改错题：Im more than happier that youre interested in Chinese culture ...

三、原创题

1. The West Lake is a well-known tourist attraction， which is commonly compared _________ a pretty girl.

2. The boy standing in front of me was familiar _________ me， but his name was just at the tip of my tongue.

3. With the Chinese translation and vivid pictures， we could figure out its meaning _________ ease.

4. His sister was married _________ a teacher last summer.

5. He became a writer ________ his twenties.

6. She shouted _________ the top of her voice to make herself heard. Unfortunately， no one came to her rescue.

7. Im looking forward to seeing you _________ Christmas.

8. On _________ （arrive） at the destination， we got down to doing the work.

9. _________ he graduated from university， he has worked as a teacher in the mountainous area.

10. _________ the end of the this term， he will have learned around 2500 English words.

11. You can leave your bike here and Ill get it fixed __________ two days.

12. There is a good-looking bird ________ the tree. It is eating some fruit ________ the tree.

13. （1）Cant you see theres a picture _________ the wall？

（2）Cant you see theres a nail _________ the wall？

14.（1） He _________ （come） to London before last week.

（2）I have studied French for three years since I _________ （come） here.

15. Its very considerate __________ you to help me carry the luggage all the way.

16. Therere many trees on _________ side of the street.

17. We manage to complete the tough task _________ your help.

18. He hasnt heard from her ________ last month.

19. Please show me _______ to send an e-mail， John. Its the first time for me to do it.

20. The accident took place ________ a cold February evening.

21. I dont know the homework _______ today because I asked for a sick leave.

22. Jane said she would come here ________ 9：00 and 9：30 tomorrow morning.

23. My wife and I finally agreed __________ the price the seller offered for the house.

24. （1）She ________ （visit） the school three years ago.

（2） She ________ （visit） the school frequently since three years ago.

25. （1）_________ time goes by， he becomes lazier and lazier.

（2）_________ time going by， he becomes lazier and lazier.

26. In the past， the poor _________ （lead） a miserable life. However， with the development of society， they __________ （lead） a much better life in the past few years.

27. He is _________ very promising young man who is ________ very person we are looking for.

28. She is ________ most diligent student， but not __________ most hard-working one in her class.

29. Mrs. Smith had two children last year and she gave birth to _________ third child last month. The name of _________ third one is Nancy.

30. （1） He looked up and saw _________ clear， bright full moon in the sky.

（2）________ Mr. Green is expecting to see you.

（3）The lecture held last week was _________ great success.

31. （1） It was midnight _________ we got home.

（2）It was at midnight _________ we got home.

（3）It is the room _________ we study.

（4） It is in the room _______ we study.

32.（1） He lay _________ （help） on the floor.

（2） The old man fell to the ground _________ （conscious）.

（3） We watched the houses being destroyed by the violent storm， _______ （help）.

33. Several days of heavy rain created a small river _________ （flow） by Nancys house.

34. （1） _____ is known to everybody， the moon travels round the earth once every month.

（2）_______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.

35. （1） Bob is such a polite boy ________ all the people around him like.

（2）Bob is such a polite boy ________ all the people around him like him.

（3）Bob is a very polite boy， ________ all the people around him like.

36.（1） The guests， most of _______ are from the countryside， enjoyed the meal to their hearts content.

（2） The books on the shelf， most of _______ are about science and technology， were purchased last week.

37. （1）They put forward many suggestions at the meeting， none of _______ carried out in their work.

（2）They put forward many suggestions at the meeting， none of _______ were carried out in their work.

（3）They put forward many suggestions at the meeting， but none of _______ were carried out in their work.

38. （1）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the open air， _______ parents were seated together talking and laughing.

（2）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the open air， and _______ parents sat together talking and laughing.

（3）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the open air， _______ parents sitting together talking and laughing.

39. （1）She says that shell never forget the time ________ she spent working as a secretary in our company.

（2）She says that shell never forget the time ________ she once worked as a secretary in our company.

40. （1）Our company will move to a tall building _______ we bought last month.

（2）Our company will move to a tall building _______ we stayed last month.

41. 改錯题：To our delighted， he won first prize in the Oral English Contest held last week.

答案与解析

一、高考题

1. settled。见到get一词，很多考生都想到get sb. to do“让某人做某事”这一用法，于是误填了to settle。但本题考查get sb./sth. done“让某人/某事被……”这一结构。

2. a。但当年很多考生都填了the，他们以为先行词town受到后面的定语从句的修饰，范围已定，故填the表示特指。殊不知原句指的是“离车库约20千米远的一个小城镇”，是泛指。

3. higher。他感到很高兴，因为庄稼的确“长高”了。而相当多的考生一见到动词grow，就急于想用副词highly来修饰它。犯错主要有以下两个原因：1.忽略语境、先入为主，被grow“蒙蔽”了眼睛；2. 平时不注意甄别high与highly，导致张冠李戴。

4. choice。当年不少考生看到后面的ties用了复数形式，于是也填了choices。其实，此处仅仅表示对各种领带所做的“一次选择”，而不是侧重“多次选择”领带，故宜用单数。

5. how。句意：“我们”不清楚这种事情是“如何”（how）发生的。受到中式思维的影响，很多学生认为：“我”们不清楚“为什么（why）”会发生这种事情，故误填了why。

6. and。学生一看到分句前的逗号以及表示地点的bus stop，以为是考查非限定性定语从句，结果误填了where，但根据内容可知前后是顺承关系，故用and。

7. attraction。“熊猫是它最具吸引力的地方”，故用单数形式。然而，不少考生看见主语pandas和谓语are都用了复数形式，以为后面的名词也该用复数，结果大错特错。

二、模拟题

1. the。由于名词house受到next door的修饰，表示“隔壁的那间屋子”，故应填定冠词the。相当多的考生忽略了后面的修饰语，误填了a。

2. between。原句想表达“我们之间的交流……”，故填between。不少考生受communicate with的影响，先入为主地误填了with。

3. had been sold。因为等到他返回的时候，乐器已经被卖掉，故表示“过去的过去”。好些考生忽略了语境，以为仅仅是一般过去时态的被动语态，结果填了was sold。

4. of。因at my age“在我这个年纪”，一般是用作表语，而of my age“和我一样的年纪”，往往用于充当后置定语。结合语境，无疑of更佳，而考生受到词组at the age of（……岁）的影响，大多数考生都填at。

5. it。绝大多数考生看到序数词first，几乎都不约而同地填了the，以为the first thing表示“第一件事情”。仔细分析，take care of后缺宾语，故只能用代词it 指代前文出现过的事物。此处的first thing意为“一大早”，在句中充当状语。

6. historic。较多的考生一看到history，就不假思索地填了historical。错因分析：1.分不清historical和historic区别，前者意为“历史的”，后者则是“有历史意义的”；2. 犯了先入为主的答题大忌。本题提醒考生既要注意词义辨析，更要立足篇章语境。

7. for。不少考生受到exchange sth. with sb.“和某人交换某物”的影响，误填了with。但从句意来看，是作者的爸爸用他的蔬菜来换得花园这块小地的使用权，故正确答案是for，此处in exchange for（作为……的交换）是固定结构。

8. would pick。不少考生虽然看懂了句意，但却以为是hope sb. to do sth.，因此填了to pick。事实上，hope sb to do sth是不规范的，应当避免。

9. of。原文想表示“激发某人的兴趣”，故应用arouse great interest of sb，而大部分的考生一看到interest一词，就自然而然地想起take/show interest in， be interested in（对……感兴趣）等表达，结果条件反射地填了in。

10. here改为there。注意：of不需要改为to，因为the entrance to / of “……的入口”皆可。

11. which改为what。因为after是介词，其后接宾语从句，what充当从句的主语。切不可先入为主以为是考查定语从句，介词after后接关系代词which。

12. happier改为happy。此处易受到than的影响，误以为是比较级。more than happy意为“非常高兴；很乐意”。

三、原创题

1. to。注意：compare ... with ... “把……和……比较”，而compare to除了“把……和……比较””外，还有“把……比作……”之意，故填to。

2. to。 注意：sb. be familiar with“某人对……熟悉”，而sb. / sth. be familiar to sb. 则是“对于某人而言，……是熟悉的”，故填to。

3. with。 受到短语at ease“舒适；自在”和put sb. at ease“使舒适；使自在”的影响，此题易误填at。而此处是表达“容易（with ease）理解它的意思”，故填with。

4. to。在英语中，“与某人结婚”通常用marry sb.或be / get married to sb.来表示，但受到汉语负迁移的影响，容易误填with。

5. in。受到at the age of的干扰，考生很容易填at，而in ones teens /twenties / thirties ... （某人十几岁/二十几岁/三十几岁……）是固定短语，故答案是in。

6. at。声音大小用词组in a low/high voice来表示，而at the top of ones voice“最大声地”是固定搭配，故应填at。

7. at。在某一天用介词on，但表示“全部节日期间”用at。因Christmas是圣诞节期间，一般要有两周或更长的时间，故填at。

8. arriving。空格后接了名词destination充当其宾语，故填动名词arriving。注意：本空容易誤填arrival。

9. since。不可根据中文意思，以为所填词表示“……后”，就填了After，注意主句的has worked是现在完成时，显然Since才是正确答案。

10. By。注意：in the end“最终”，其后不接of，而at the end of“在……的最后”，by the end of+时间“到……之前”，其后往往用完成时。

11. in。因after通常用于过去时态，表“……后”，而in则多用于将来时，表示若干时间内会做某事，因此应填in。

12. in； on。树上长出来的果实、树叶等，要用on，而其它外来的人或物，则用in。故第一空填in，第二空填on。

13.（1）on； （2）in。在墙的“表面”用on，而在墙的“里面”，则用in。故第一空填on，第二空填in。

14.（1）had come；（2）came。因before一般与完成时连用，ago总是与一般过去时连用，故第一空填had come；而since从句的谓语动词往往是用过去式，故第二空填came。

15. of。区别：Its + adj. for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy， hard， difficult， interesting， important， impossible等；而Its + adj. of sb. 则表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right， wise， generous， thoughtful等，故正确答案是of。

16. either。句中的side用了单数形式，而街道有两边（side），故填either。此题容易误填both（两者都）或every（三者以上的每一个）。

17. with。中文负迁移，易误填under。答案是with。

18. since。表“自从”用since。本题易误填until，以为是not ... until句型，而until后须接句子。

19. how。此题容易误填when。请认真看题，此处的time并非“时间”，而是“次数”。

20. on。在早上、下午、晚上，用介词in，即in the morning， in the afternoon， in the evening。但在特定的早上、下午、晚上时，用介词on而不是in。

21. for。但受到中文的干扰，学生易误填of，“…… 的”，表示从属关系。

22. between。解题时要把and考虑进去，不可看到钟点数就不假思索地填了at。

23. on。因为agree with表示同意某人或某人的意见、想法、分析、解释等 （即持同一观点）；agree to主要用来表示一方提出一项建议、安排、计划等，另一方同意协作；agree on主要指双方通过协商而取得一致意见或达成协议。

24.（1）visited；（2）has visited。有时间状语ago，应该用一般过去时，故第一空填visited，而since ... ago表示“自从……前开始”，故第二句的谓语要用现在完成时，即has visited。

25.（1）As；（2）With。表示“随着”的时候，连词as后面接句子，而介词with后面接名词或者动名词。故第一空填As，第二空填With。

26. led； have led。因in the past意为“在过去”，句子的谓语用一般过去时态，故第一个空填led；而in the past / last few years是“在最近几年”之意，句子谓语要用现在完成时态，因此第二空的答案是have led。

27. a；the。表示“一个”非常有前途的年轻人，故第一个空填a；第二空的答案是the，因为the very person意为“正是那个人”。

28. a；the。因a most+adj.表示 “一个非常……”，故第一个空填a；第二空的答案是the，因为the most+adj. 意为“最……”。

29. a； the。因The+序数词+n”表示特指“第几个”；“a+序数词+n”表示泛指“又一次/个”，故第一空填a，第二空填the。

30. （1）a； （2）a。世界上独一无二的事物要用the来修饰，如the earth， the sun等，但是当这些专有名词前面加上形容词等表示某种属性或一时特色时，用不定冠词a/an，所以第一空填a；在第二空填a，因为a Mr. Smith是泛指，意为“一个叫做史密斯先生的人”。success 本身是不可数名词，但a great success意为“成功的人或事”。

31. （1）when； （2）that； （3）where； （4）that。第（1）句和（3）句where引导定语从句；而第（2）和（4）句是强调句。

32.（1）helpless； （2）unconscious； （3）helpless。注意：不要认为这三个空都是该填副词形式来修饰句中的谓语，这三个空都是用形容词形式来充当主语补足语（也有人认为是状语）。

33. flowing。不要被by所蒙蔽而填了过去分词flown，此处flow by是“流经”之意，而不是表示被动。

34. （1）As；（2）It。这两句都是考查定语从句。

35. （1）as；（2）that； （3）whom。第一空是考查定语从句；第二空是考查状语从句；第三空填考查非限制性定语从句。

36. （1）whom； （2）which。这两空均考查定语从句。注意：两者都容易误填them。

37.（1）them； （2）which； （3）them。第一空考查独立主格结构；第二空考查非限制性定语从句；第三空考查并列句。这三个容易混淆，須细心甄别。

38. （1）whose；（2）their；（3）their。第一空考查非限制性定语从句；第二空，因为句中有并列连词and，整个句子为并列句；第三空考查独立主格结构。

39. （1）which/that； （2）when。第（1）题容易误填when，不少学生机械地认为时间名词后必须用关系副词when。在本题中，动词spent是及物动词，缺宾语，故应填关系代词 which或that或者略；而第（2）题先行词time才是充当时间状语，故填when。

40.（1）which /that； （2）where。第（1）题容易误填where，因为他们机械地认为地点名词后用关系副词 where。在本题中，动词bought是及物动词，缺宾语，故应填关系代词 which或that或省略；而第（2）题先行词building在句子充当地点状语，故填where。

41. delighted改为delight。相信不少同学会画蛇添足地在first前加了定冠词the，误以为序数词前必须有the。其实，在表示获奖或排名时，往往prize前是零冠词，如：win first prize， come second， rank third等。