吐鲁番市艾丁湖生态保护治理对策研究
2017-07-21徐伟伟
徐伟伟
【摘要】受上游水资源过度开发利用影响,艾丁湖已演变为季节性湖泊,周边大片芦苇、红柳等植被枯死,曾栖息生存于湖区的众多国家重点野生保护动物已绝迹,周边高盐碱耕地已覆盖多个乡镇,土地沙化加剧,艾丁湖生态区正面临严重的生态恶化问题。若不尽快保护治理艾丁湖,将使区域生态系统全面破坏,艾丁湖将会成为第二个罗布泊,吐鲁番也将会成为第二个楼兰。为了有效保护治理艾丁湖,需尽快采取防沙化生态林建设、退地减水等综合整治措施。
【关键词】艾丁湖;保护治理;对策研究
【Abstract】Affected by the excessive development and utilization of upstream water resources, Lake Aydin has evolved into a seasonal lake, surrounded by large reeds, red willow and other vegetation dead, habitat living in the lake area of many national key wild animals have disappeared, the surrounding high salinity farmland has been covered Many villages and towns, land desertification intensified, Aiding Lake ecological area is facing serious ecological deterioration. If not to protect the Aiding Lake as soon as possible, will make the regional ecosystems fully destroyed, Aiding Lake will become the second Lop Nur, Turpan will also be the second Loulan. In order to effectively protect the management of Lake Aiding, as soon as possible to take anti-desertification ecological forest construction, land reclamation and other comprehensive remediation measures.
【Key words】Aiding Lake;Conservation governance;Countermeasures research
1. 艾丁湖生態区基本情况
(1)吐鲁番降雨稀少,蒸发强烈,区内有14条主要河流,水资源总量12.6亿立方米,水资源可利用量12.26亿立方米,属资源性缺水地区。艾丁湖位于吐鲁番市南部,是中国最低、世界第三低地,最低点海拔高程-154.31m,是我国西北唯一富含硝酸盐的盐湖,主要依靠河流地表水和浅层地下水补给,其周边分布着世界最大骆驼刺生长地。
(2)20世纪50年代以来,随着人口持续增长和经济社会快速发展,特别是国家政策支持下的大规模开荒种地,使得耕地面积迅速扩大,2009年全市人口达到61.46万人,灌溉面积达到192.52万亩,用水总量达到最高峰的14.8亿立方米。目前,仅白杨河季节性补给艾丁湖,其他主要河流除较大洪水外均不能流入艾丁湖,地下水补给正在逐年减少,艾丁湖湖面不断萎缩,生物多样性锐减,区域生态环境持续恶化,土地荒漠化(盐化)程度不断加剧。……
