DNA N6—甲基腺嘌呤(6mA)在真核生物中的研究进展
2017-07-13李锋
李锋
摘要 脊椎动物DNA上的甲基化修饰一直被认为只发生在胞嘧啶(C)位点上,最近的研究发现腺嘌呤(A)位点的甲基化也是存在的,即DNA N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenine,6mA)。这是一种在高等真核生物中刚开始被人们认识的甲基化修饰碱基,它广泛而保守地存在于生物体中,其修饰水平在整个生命周期中是动态变化的,且这种表观遗传修饰承担着重要的生物学功能。主要对近年来6mA的研究现状进行综述,探讨其在进化上的保守性,并进一步探索6mA在真核生物中的生物学功能,讨论参与6mA形成及消除的酶,评估目前常用的检测6mA的几种方法,最后对6mA的研究做出展望。
关键词 N6-甲基腺嘌呤(6mA);表观遗传学;生物学功能;甲基转移酶;去甲基酶
Research Progress of DNA N6-methyladenine (6mA) in Eukaryotes
LI Feng
(College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009)
Abstract Methylation at cytosine of DNA has long been considered as the only modified bases in vertebrate, until the methylation at adenine site was discovered in recent studies. 6mA is a newly studied base in higher eukaryotes, this modification is in a wide prevalence and conserved among eukaryotic species. The level of 6mA is dynamically changing and it plays important biological functions in the whole life cycle. This paper was mainly to review researches of 6mA in recent years, explore its conservatism in evolution and the biological function in eukaryotes, elucidate the mechanism of enzymes, then sum up the common used methods in recent studies of detecting 6mA. Finally, put forward the prospect of 6mA research in the future.
Key words N6-methyladenine;Epigenetics;Biological function;Methyltransferase;Demethylase
DNA作为生物体遗传信息载体,肩负着将遗传物质忠实地在世代中进行传递的使命。除了胞嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶、腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤这4种主要碱基成分之外,近几年有学者将5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-methylcytosine,5 mC)称为第5种碱基,5-羟甲基胞嘧啶(5-hydroxymethyl cytosine,5 hmC)称为第6种碱基。后来又相继发现了第7、第8种DNA碱基:5-胞嘧啶甲酰(5-formylcytosine,5fC)和5-胞嘧啶羧基(5-carboxylcytosine,5caC)[1],这4种被经过修飾的碱基也被称为“新四大碱基”。最新的研究成果表明,在腺嘌呤碱基第6位N原子上存在甲基化修饰——N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenine,6mA),Holger等[2]提出这可能是第9种DNA碱基,它存在于藻类、线虫、果蝇等真核生物中,可以帮助决定表观基因组,因此N6-甲基腺嘌呤对于细胞生命至关重要。对6mA的发现稍晚于5mC,并且当时认为6mA只在原核生物中存在,因而不像5mC那样受到重视。早在1978年就有研究人员在单细胞绿藻莱茵衣藻的DNA中发现了5mC和6mA修饰,但对其生物学功能并不清楚。……
