APP下载

酰基化、非酰基化ghrelin与动脉粥样硬化的关系

2017-04-04李景德张曼李卉

沈阳医学院学报 2017年3期
关键词:酰基高密度脂蛋白

李景德,张曼,李卉

(1.锦州医科大学研究生院,辽宁锦州121000;2.沈阳医学院附属中心医院心内科)

酰基化、非酰基化ghrelin与动脉粥样硬化的关系

李景德1,张曼2*,李卉2

(1.锦州医科大学研究生院,辽宁锦州121000;2.沈阳医学院附属中心医院心内科)

ghrelin是生长激素促分泌物受体的内源性配体,具有多种生物学作用,包括促进生长激素释放、调节摄食和糖脂代谢、保护心血管系统等。体内ghrelin以酰基化和非酰基化两种形式存在,具有各自的生物功能。酰基化和非酰基化ghrelin与动脉粥样硬化及动脉粥样硬化的危险因素之间存在不同的关联,在动脉粥样硬化的发展中起到不同作用。

酰基化ghrelin;非酰基化ghrelin;动脉粥样硬化

ghrelin包含28个氨基酸,N端第3位丝氨酸残基的N辛酞化是其生物活性的必要修饰,以酰基化和非酰基化两种形式存在。ghrelin的N末端第3位丝氨酸由脂肪酸链(C7H15CO)修饰,被称为酰基化ghrelin[1];非酰基化ghrelin没有脂肪酸链的修饰。ghrelin首先在小鼠的胃组织中发现,大部分由胃底黏膜的x/a样细胞分泌,除了胃以外的肠道组织中也有ghrelin表达,在中枢神经组织中也含有ghrelin[2-3]。ghrelin可以刺激生长激素、促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质醇、催乳素的分泌[4-6],还可增加进食、减少能量消耗,也可促进成骨细胞的增殖和分化[7]。ghrelin在心血管系统广泛分布,起到防止缺血/再灌注损伤,减弱心肌梗死后左室重构,提高左室功能等作用[8]。ghrelin可以调节内皮细胞、巨噬细胞功能[9-10],阻止动脉粥样硬化的发展,同时起到抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖和凋亡的作用[11]。本文就酰基化和非酰化ghrelin与动脉粥样硬化的危险因数的关系进行综述。

1 酰基化、非酰基化ghrelin的生物学活性

酰基化ghrelin被认为是体内具有生物学活性的ghrelin,但研究表明非酰基化ghrelin也具有生物学活性[12-14]。酰基化与非酰基化ghrelin存在不同的生物学活性[15],在某些方面起到协同作用,而在有些方面起到拮抗作用[16]。Rodríguez等[17]研究发现酰基化和非酰基化的ghrelin均可以直接刺激人类内脏脂肪细胞脂质的积累,减少脂肪分解相关蛋白,从而减少脂肪的分解。给小鼠注射酰基化ghrelin后可以明显提高小鼠食物摄入量,酰基化与非酰基化ghrelin同时注射时可以消除这种提高食物摄入的效应;单独应用酰基化和非酰基化ghrelin都能刺激弓状核神经元活动,而两者同时注射时神经活动减少。Inhoff等[18]认为非酰基化ghrelin通过抑制酰基化ghrelin介导的弓状核神经元活动,来抑制食物摄入量。非酰基化ghrelin在肥胖型代谢综合征患者体内含量较低,酰基化ghrelin在肥胖型和非肥胖型患者体内水平相当[19]。在中枢神经系统,非酰基化ghrelin可以直接使下丘脑神经元的活动增加,调节下丘脑肾上腺皮质信号系统,从而调节体内能量平衡,非酰基化ghrelin可以抵消酰基化ghrelin在室旁核和孤束核的中枢神经功能[20]。

2 ghrelin与动脉粥样硬化

ghrelin与动脉粥样硬化的发生发展存在相关性[21]。研究发现冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的严重程度与血清ghrelin水平呈负相关[22]。在代谢综合征的老年人中,颈动脉内中膜的厚度与血清总ghrelin水平呈负相关[23]。通过研究ghrelin受体缺乏的小鼠,发现ghrelin受体缺乏会加重动脉粥样硬化斑块的不稳定,同时也会加重血管炎症反应[24]。在ghrelin的两种类型中,非酰基化ghrelin与颈动脉内中膜的厚度呈负相关,并在动脉粥样硬化的发展过程中起控制作用[25]。而Pöykkö等[26]研究发现血清ghrelin水平与颈动脉粥样硬化呈正相关,即使调整与动脉粥样硬化相关的危险因素(年龄、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高血压和吸烟等)的影响后这种相关性依然存在,可能是与动脉粥样硬化后ghrelin反应性的增高有关。动脉粥样硬化与ghrelin之间的关系需要进一步研究。

3 ghrelin与动脉粥样硬化危险因素的关系

3.1 ghrelin与血压高血压与动脉粥样硬化的发生密切相关,而ghrelin与血压水平相关[27],ghrelin参与血压的调节。给健康志愿者应用ghrelin后会发现血压和心率降低,血压和心率的降低可能与交感神经活动被抑制有关[28]。除了降低交感神经活动,ghrelin还可以调节内皮细胞功能。Kleinz等[29]发现ghrelin在人的动脉、静脉内皮细胞以及培养的内皮细胞的分泌囊泡中表达,可以有力地逆转内皮素引起的血管收缩效应,同时发现酰基化和非酰基化的ghrelin都可以通过ghrelin受体介导血管舒张反应。此外,ghrelin可以调节内皮素和一氧化氮(NO)之间的平衡,恢复血管收缩和血管舒张之间的平衡来维持血管的稳态,ghrelin可以使内皮素表达下调,同时使NO增加,NO可以抑制内皮素的产生,从而降低内皮素介导的血管收缩[30]。ghrelin可通过磷脂酰肌醇激酶途径激活内皮细胞的NO合酶,刺激NO的产生、提高NO生物活性[31]。Yano等[32]发现在发生心血管事件的老年高血压患者体内非酰基化ghrelin水平较低,非酰基化ghrelin可以通过增加血管NO的生物活性改善内皮功能障碍,NO具有抗动脉粥样硬化和稳定斑块的作用,包括:调节血管张力和血管壁压力,扩张外周血管,降低外周阻力[31]。

3.2 ghrelin与脂质代谢脂质代谢异常是动脉粥样硬化的危险因素。其中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇是心血管的保护因素,体内低水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇是心血管疾病的独立危险因素[33]。Nogueira等[34]研究发现非酰基化ghrelin与肥胖患者体内低水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇相关,非酰基化ghrelin可能导致低水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,ghrelin可能直接参与高密度脂蛋白的代谢。在基因研究中,发现ghrelin基因在启动子区域的多态性与血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平相关[35]。研究发现血清ghrelin的水平与甘油三酯、总胆固醇呈负相关[36]。在更年期女性中,ghrelin水平的增加与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的增加有关[37]。ghrelin与脂质代谢的关系,可能与甘油三酯脂蛋白转运酰基化ghrelin,高密度脂蛋白和极低密度脂蛋白参与酰基化和非酰基化ghrelin的转运有关[38]。ghrelin与脂质代谢的关系及其对动脉粥样硬化的发展的影响需要深入研究。

3.3 ghrelin的抗炎、抗纤维化及抗细胞凋亡作用研究表明ghrelin可以抑制炎症反应和核因子κB(NF-κB)的活动[39]。给急性心肌梗死的大鼠模型应用ghrelin后,发现可以明显降低心室重构,与ghrelin抑制炎症反应有关,ghrelin可以降低白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的mRNA以及蛋白的水平[40]。ghrelin通过阻止NF-κB的激活,抑制微血管内皮细胞功能障碍和炎症反应[41]。在人脐静脉细胞,ghrelin可阻止血管紧张素Ⅱ介导的IL-8、TNF-α的表达以及降低NF-κB的活性[42]。ghrelin可以阻止血管紧张素Ⅱ介导的细胞凋亡,通过下调血管紧张素Ⅱ受体的表达和阻止内质网应激途径的激活起抗凋亡作用[43]。酰基化与非酰基化ghrelin具有抗纤维化作用,具体机制不清,可能与ghrelin的抗细胞凋亡和抗炎作用有关[44]。ghrelin的抗炎、抗纤维化及抗细胞凋亡功能对血管起保护作用。

综上所述,ghrelin调节血压,参与脂质代谢,同时起到抗炎、抗纤维化、抗细胞凋亡的作用,从而保护血管内皮细胞,在防止动脉粥样硬化的过程中起到一定的作用。酰基化与非酰基化ghrelin具有不同的生物活性,对动脉粥样硬化发展的作用需要进一步深入研究。

参考文献:

[1]Yang J,Brown MS,Liang G,et al.Identification of the acyltransferase that octanoylates ghrelin,an appetite-stimulating peptide hormone[J].Cell,2008,132(3):387-396.

[2]Natasa R,Darko S,Dejan N,et al.Diet-induced obesity and ghrelin effects on pituitary gonadotrophs:immunohistomorphometric study inmale rats[J].Cell J,2016,17(4):711-719.

[3]Benso A,Calvi E,Gramaglia E,et al.Other than growth hormone neuroendocrine actions of ghrelin[J].Endocr Dev,2013,25:59-68.

[4]Khatib N,Gaidhane S,Gaidhane AM,et al.Ghrelin:ghrelin as a regulatory Peptide in growth hormone secretion[J].J Clin Diagn Res,2014,8(8):13-17.

[5]Correa-Silva SR,Nascif SO,Lengyel AM.Decreased GH secretion and enhanced ACTH and cortisol release after ghrelin administration in Cushing's disease:comparison with GH-releasing peptide-6(GHRP-6)and GHRH[J].Pituitary,2006,9(2):101-107.

[6]Correa-Silva SR,Nascif SO,Molica P,et al.Adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH)responsiveness to ghrelin increases after 6 months of ketoconazole use in patients with Cushing's disease:comparison with GH-releasing peptide-6(GHRP-6)[J].Clin Endocrinol(Oxf),2010,72(1):70-75.

[7]Kojima M,Kangawa K.Drug insight:The functions of ghrelin and its potentialas amultitherapeutic hormone[J].NatClin Pract EndocrinolMetab,2006,2(2):80-88.

[8]Virdis A,Lerman LO,Regoli F,et al.Human ghrelin:a gastric hormone with cardiovascular properties[J].Curr Pharm Des,2016,22(1):52-58.

[9]Caliskan Y,Gorgulu N,Yelken B,et al.Plasma ghrelin levels are associated with coronary microvascular and endothelial dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis patients[J].Ren Fail,2009,31(9):807-813.

[10]Demers A,Caron V,Rodrigue-Way A,et al.A concerted kinase interplay identifies PPARgamma as amolecular target of ghrelin signaling in macrophages[J].PLoS One,2009,4(11):e7728.

[11]Zhang M,Yuan F,Liu H,etal.Inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells by ghrelin[J].Acta Biochim Biophys Sin,2008,40(9):769-776.

[12]Granata R,Settanni F,Biancone L,et al.Acylated and unacylated ghrelin promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells and human islets:involvement of 3',5'-cyclic adenosinemonophosphate/protein kinase A,extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,and phosphatidyl inositol 3-Kinase/Akt signaling[J].Endocrinology,2007,148(2):512-529.

[13]Delhanty PJ,Huisman M,Baldeon-Rojas LY,etal.Des-acyl ghrelin analogs prevent high-fat-diet-induced dysregulation of glucose homeostasis[J].FASEB J,2013,27(4):1690-1700.

[14]Delhanty PJ,Neggers SJ,van der Lely AJ.Des-acyl ghrelin:a metabolically active peptide[J].Endocr Dev,2013,25: 112-121.

[15]Kumar R,Salehi A,Rehfeld JF,et al.Proghrelin peptides:Desacylghrelin is a powerful inhibitorofacylated ghrelin,likely to impair physiologicaleffectsofacylghrelin butnotofobestatin:A study of pancreatic polypeptide secretion from mouse islets[J].Regul Pept,2010,164(2-3):65-70.

[16]Delhanty PJ,Neggers SJ,van der Lely AJ.Should we consider des-acyl ghrelin as a separate hormone and if so,what does it do?[J].FrontHorm Res,2014,42:163-174.

[17]Rodríguez A,Gómez-Ambrosi J,Catalán V,et al.Acylated and desacyl ghrelin stimulate lipid accumulation in human visceral adipocytes[J].Int JObes(Lond),2009,33(5):541-552.

[18]Inhoff T1,Mönnikes H,Noetzel S,et al.Desacyl ghrelin inhibits the orexigenic effect of peripherally injected ghrelin in rats[J].Peptides,2008,29(12):2159-2168.

[19]Barazzoni R1,Zanetti M,Ferreira C,et al.Relationships between desacylated and acylated ghrelin and insulin sensitivity in the metabolic syndrome[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2007,92(10):3935-3940.

[20]Stevanovic DM,Grefhorst A,Themmen AP,etal.Unacylated ghrelin suppresses ghrelin-induced neuronal activity in the hypothalamus and brainstem ofmale rats[J].PLoSOne,2014,9(5):e98180.

[21]Ukkola O.Ghrelin and atherosclerosis[J].Curr Opin Lipidol,2015,26(4):288-291.

[22]Zhang M,FangWY,Yuan F,etal.Plasma ghrelin levels are closely associated with severity and morphology of angiogra phically-detected coronary atherosclerosis in Chineses patients with diabetes mellitus[J].Acta Pharmacol Sin,2012,33(4):452-458.

[23]Kotani K,Sakane N,Saiga K,etal.Serum ghrelin and carotid atherosclerosis in older Japanese peoplewithmetabolic syndrome[J].Arch Med Res,2006,37(7):903-906.

[24]Zhang M,Qu X,Yuan F,et al.Ghrelin receptor deficiency aggravates atherosclerotic plaque instability and vascular inflammation[J].FrontBiosci,2015,20:604-613.

[25]Yano Y,Toshinai K,Inokuchi T,et al.Plasma des-acyl ghrelin,but not plasma HMW adiponectin,is a useful cardiometabolic marker for predicting atherosclerosis in elderly hypertensive patients[J].Atherosclerosis,2009,204(2):590-594.

[26]PöykköSM,Kellokoski E,Ukkola O,et al.Plasma ghrelin concentrations are positively associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis in males[J].J Intern Med,2006,260(1):43-52.

[27]Mizia-Stec K,Zahorska-Markiewicz B,Olszanecka-Glinia nowicz M,et al.Ghrelin as a potential blood pressure reducing factor in obese women during weight loss treatment[J].Endokrynol Pol,2008,59(3):207-211.

[28]SoekiT,Koshiba K,NikiT,etal.Effectofghrelin on autonomicactivityinhealthyvolunteers[J].Peptides,2014,62:1-5.

[29]Kleinz MJ,Maguire JJ,Skepper JN,et al.Functional and immunocytochemical evidence for a role of ghrelin and desoctanoyl ghrelin in the regulation of vascular tone in man[J].Cardiovasc Res,2006,69(1):227-235.

[30]Tesauro M,Schinzari F,Rovella V,etal.Ghrelin restores the endothelin 1/nitric oxide balance in patientswith obesity-related metabolic syndrome[J].Hypertension,2009,54(5):995-1000.

[31]Iantorno M,Chen H,Kim JA,et al.Ghrelin has novel vascular actions thatmimic PI 3-kinase-dependent actions of insulin to stimulate production of NO from endothelial cells[J].Am JPhysiol EndocrinolMetab,2007,292(3):E756-E764.

[32]Yano Y,Nakazato M,Toshinai K,etal.Circulating des-acyl ghrelin improves cardiovascular risk prediction in older hypertensive patients[J].Am JHypertens,2014,27(5):727-733.

[33]Barter P,Gotto AM,LaRosa JC,etal.HDL cholesterol,very low levels of LDL cholesterol,and cardiovascular events[J].N Engl JMed,2007,357(13):1301-1310.

[34]Nogueira JP,Maraninchi M,Béliard S,et al.Unacylated Ghrelin is associated with the isolated low HDL-cholesterol obese phenotype independently of insulin resistance and CRP level[J].NutrMetab,2012,9(1):17.

[35]Choi HJ,Cho YM,Moon MK,et al.Polymorphisms in the ghrelin gene are associated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and notwith type 2 diabetesmellitus in Koreans[J].JClin EndocrinolMetab,2006,91(11):4657-4663.

[36]Su C,Du W,Wang H,et al.Relationships between serum Ghrelin and body composition and lipid metabolism-related cytokines among 591 adult Chinese from 3 Provinces[J].Wei Sheng Yan Jiu,2015,44(6):904-907.

[37]Wildman RP,Mancuso P,Wang C,et al.Adipocytokine and ghrelin levels in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in women at midlife:longitudinal associations[J].Int J Obes,2008,32(5):740-748.

[38]De Vriese C,Hacquebard M,Gregoire F,et al.Ghrelin interacts with human plasma lipoproteins[J].Endocrinology,2007,148(5):2355-2362

[39]Kishimoto I,Tokudome T,Hosoda H,et al.Ghrelin and cardiovasculardiseases[J].JCardiol,2012,59:8-13.

[40]Huang CX,Yuan MJ,Huang H,et al.Ghrelin inhibits postinfarct myocardial remodeling and improves cardiac function through anti-inflammation effect[J].Peptides,2009,30(12):2286-2291.

[41]Wang D,Wang H,Luo P,et al.Effects of ghrelin on homocy steine-induced dysfunction and inflammatory response in rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells[J].Cell Biol Int,2012,36(6):511-517.

[42]Deng B,Fang F,Yang T,et al.Ghrelin inhibits AngII-induced expression of TNF-α,IL-8,MCP-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells[J].Int JClin Exp Med,2015,8(1):579-588

[43]Yang C,Wang Y,Liu H,etal.Ghrelin protectsH9c2 cardiomyocytes from angiotensin II-induced apoptosis through the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway[J].J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,2012,59(5):465-471.

[44]Angelino E,Reano S,Ferrara M,etal.Antifibrotic activity of acylated and unacylated ghrelin[J].Int J Endocrinol,2015,2015:385682.

Relationshipsbetween Acylated and Unacylated Ghrelin and Atherosclerosis

LIJingde1,ZHANGMan2*,LIHui2
(1.Graduate School,Jinzhou Medical University,Jinzhou 121000,China;2.Department of Cardiology,The Central Hospital Affiliated to ShenyangMedicalCollege)

Ghrelin is a natural endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor and has various biological functions such as promoting the release of growth hormone,regulation of appetite and metabolism of glucose and lipid,and protective effects on the cardiovascular system.Acylated and unacylated ghrelin are different forms of ghrelin.They have different biological effect respectively.Acylated and unacylated ghrelin have different relationships with atherosclerosis and its related risk factorsand play different roles in the developmentofatherosclerosis.

acylated ghrelin;unacylated ghrelin;atherosclerosis

R543.5

A

1008-2344(2017)03-0287-03

10.16753/j.cnki.1008-2344.2017.03.032

2016-11-17

(文敏编辑)

张曼(1973—),女(汉),主任医师,研究方向:冠心病的机制学研究.E-mail:zhangm0046@163.com

猜你喜欢

酰基高密度脂蛋白
高密度电法在断裂构造探测中的应用
高密度电法在寻找地下水中的应用
N-月桂酰基谷氨酸盐性能的pH依赖性
非配套脂蛋白试剂的使用性能验证
2-氯-4-甲酰基戊腈的合成研究
城市高密度环境下的建筑学探讨
N-脂肪酰基氨基酸盐的合成、性能及应用
高密度脂蛋白与2型糖尿病发生的研究进展
氧化低密度脂蛋白对泡沫细胞形成的作用
结节性黄瘤并发Ⅱa 型高脂蛋白血症