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3.5%利多卡因眼用凝胶的研究进展

2016-11-21林通龚岚

上海医药 2016年21期

林通+龚岚

摘 要 局部麻醉药在眼科的各类操作和手术中应用广泛,目前临床上使用的主要是表面麻醉药滴眼液。3.5%利多卡因眼用凝胶是眼科表面麻醉用新品,与表面麻醉药滴眼液相比,具有麻醉效果更好、有效麻醉作用时间更长、术中重复给药次数减少、角膜上皮毒性降低并能保护眼表等特性。本文介绍3.5%利多卡因眼用凝胶及其药代动力学、临床疗效和安全性方面的研究进展。

关键词 利多卡因 眼用凝胶 麻醉药

中图分类号:R988.1 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2016)21-0006-04

Research progression in 3.5% lidocaine ophthalmic gel

LIN Tong, GONG Lan*(Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Shanghai 200031, China)

ABSTRACT Topical anesthetics play an important role in both ophthalmic procedures and surgeries. Topical anesthetic eye drops are primarily used for ocular anesthesia in the current practice while 3.5% lidocaine ophthalmic gel is a novel ocular anesthesia. Compared with topical anesthesia eye drops, this ophthalmic gel has some advantages, including better anesthetic effect and longer duration, less times for intraoperative repeated administration, lower corneal epithelial toxicity and better ocular surface protection. The history of ophthalmic topical anesthetics is briefly reviewed and the characteristics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safely of 3.5% lidocaine ophthalmic gel are also introduced in this article.

KEY WORDS lidocaine; ophthalmic gel; anesthesia

局部麻醉在眼科的各类操作和手术中应用广泛,较全身麻醉或不麻醉更加安全、有效。可卡因是最早用于眼科手术的局部麻醉药,之后有医生发现眼球后注射可卡因能达到非常好的眼球麻醉效果,进而促进了一系列新的眼科手术的发展。由于可卡因具有强力的血管收缩作用且能快速阻断感觉和运动神经元,一段时间内倍受眼科医生的推崇,直至出现一些眼眶内注射可卡因导致失明、呼吸抑制和死亡的病例报告后,其在眼科的应用才趋减少。20世纪三四十年代,普鲁卡因和利多卡因等相继被合成,它们因价格低廉、起效稳定,遂逐渐替代可卡因用于眼部麻醉。

局部麻醉药的作用机制是通过可逆性地阻滞钠离子通道,继而阻断角膜、结膜和巩膜的痛觉神经冲动传导。角膜的神经末梢位置浅显,表面只有泪膜和角膜上皮层覆盖,可被水溶性和脂溶性的分子渗透。结膜的神经由非角化复层上皮细胞覆盖,在pH条件适合时也很容易被局部麻醉药渗透。……

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