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择时力量训练与停训对青年男子篮球运动员运动能力的影响

2016-11-07王晨宇

体育学刊 2016年5期
关键词:能力

摘 要:观察12周特定时间(清晨和傍晚)力量训练和停训(4周和6周)对青年男子篮球运动员运动能力的影响,探索运动能力日节律变化规律,为科学安排训练计划提供理论依据。将36名青年男子篮球运动员随机分为清晨训练组(MT组,训练时间为清晨07:00~08:00)、傍晚训练组(ET组,训练时间为傍晚17:00~18:00)和对照组(C组)。MT组和ET组进行12周力量训练,C组保持日常生活习惯不变但不进行训练。分别于训练前、训练后、停训4周、停训6周清晨(07:00)和傍晚(17:00)测定体温、肌肉最大力量和Wingate实验。结果发现:各组各测试点体温在17:00均高于07:00(P<0.05)。ET组和C组各测试点股四头肌最大随意收缩力(MVC)、最高功率(PP)和平均功率(MP)在17:00均高于07:00(P<0.05),MT组训练前、停训4周和停训6周MVC、PP和MP在17:00均高于07:00(P<0.05)。ET和MT组各运动能力参数在训练后显著升高,停训4周仍高于训练前水平,停训6周则恢复。结果表明:特定时间力量训练对体温并无显著影响;清晨力量训练可消除无氧运动能力的日节律变异;力量训练后获得的运动能力可保持至停训4周后,停训6周后则逐渐消退。

关 键 词:运动生物力学;择时力量训练;运动能力;停训;青年男子篮球运动员

中图分类号:G804.6 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-7116(2016)05-0140-05

Abstract: The author observed the effects of 12-week time-specific (early morning and early evening) strength training and detraining (for 4 weeks and 6 weeks) on the sports abilities of young male basketball players, and probed into the pattern of daily rhythmically changing of sports abilities, so as to provide a theoretical basis for making training plans scientifically. The author divided 36 young male basketball players randomly into an early morning training group (MT, training time: 07:00~08:00 in the early morning), an early evening training group (ET, training time: 17:00-18:00 in the early evening), and a control group (C), let the players in groups MT and ET undergo 12-week strength training, let the players in group C maintain daily living habits unchanged and undergo no training, and measured their body temperature and maximum muscle strength and did the Wingate experiment in the early morning (at 07:00) and in the early evening (at 17:00) before training, after training, 4 weeks after detraining and 6 weeks after detraining respectively. Results: the temperature of all the testees in various groups measured at 17:00 was higher than that measured at 07:00 (P<0.01); the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) of quadriceps femoris of the testees in groups ET and C measured at 17:00 were higher than those measured at 07:00 (P<0.01); various sports ability parameters of the testees in groups ET and MT increased significantly after training, were still higher than those measured before training when measured after detraining for 4 weeks, but returned to their normal values after detraining for 6 weeks. The results indicate the followings: time-specific strength training has no significant effect on body temperature; strength training in the early morning can eliminate the daily rhythmic changing of anaerobic sports abilities; the sports abilities acquired after strength training can maintain up to 4 weeks, but gradually fade away after detraining for 6 weeks.

Key words: sports biomechanics;time-selected strength training;sports ability;detraining;young male basketball player

运动时间生物学(exercise chronobiology)是一门新兴学科,专门探索和揭示在体育运动影响下人体生物时间结构的本质、特点及变化规律,其目的在于指导科学健身、运动员科学训练,提高运动训练效率和成绩,减少甚至避免运动性伤病[1-2]。研究发现,无氧运动能力具有生物节律变异特征,即下午以及傍晚时分明显高于清晨[3-4]。由于体温存在相似的日节律变异(即下午高于清晨),因此有学者推测,体温的波动可能是机体无氧运动能力具有生物节律的重要原因[5]。国内外学者针对特定时间运动诱导的昼夜节律基因表达进行了多项研究[2,6],我们前期的研究发现,青年男子足球运动员的无氧运动能力和运动性疲劳程度在傍晚时高于清晨,其原因可能与安静状态下组织损伤和氧化应激水平具有日节律波动性有关,而特定时间无氧运动后组织损伤与氧化水平的日节律变异依然存在,抗氧化水平的日节律变异则减弱[7]。……

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