■门田光司

日本残疾儿童家庭支持现状及建议

■门田光司

日本残疾儿童的护理基本是以家庭为中心，儿童对家庭的高依赖度成为家庭的重负。文章回顾了1945年至今日本残疾儿童家庭支持政策不同阶段的变迁过程，研究分析了日本残疾儿童家庭支持在经济上、家属身心负担以及残疾儿童父母过世后子女由谁照顾等方面存在的问题，进而对今后日本残疾儿童家庭支持提出构建残疾儿童咨询援助体制、完善社会福利服务、加大对残疾儿童父母离世后支持服务等建议措施。以期能建立更为完善的、即使离开家庭也能自立生活的家庭支持服务机制，使残疾儿童父母能够更安心面对晚年生活。

日本；残疾儿童；家庭支持；现状及建议

【Abstract】The basic nursing care of children with disabilities in Japan is family centered， and high dependency has become the burden to the family.The article reviews the changes in the different stages of the family support policy for the disabled children in Japan since 1945， It analyzes the problems in the family support of the disabled children in Japan， such as the financial and psychological burden for family， and the parents' concern about their disabled child care after their death. And then it puts forward some suggestions on the family support of disabled children in Japan in the future， such as constructing the system of counseling and assistance for disabled children， improving social welfare services， and increasing the support services for parents of children with disabilities in order to establish a more perfect family support service so that the children with disabilities can live independently even if they leave their families， so that their parents can be more at ease in their old age.

【Key words】Japan； Disabled children； Family support； Current situation and suggestions

上世纪90年代以后，随着正常化理念的普及，日本开始重视残疾儿童的家庭支持服务，制订了系列政策及配套实施措施。在日本，残疾儿童家庭支持包括“完善家庭支持服务”及“完善包括父母过世后残疾儿童的自立支持”两大领域，旨在“创造即使离开父母，残疾儿童也能够安心生活的社会环境，并且父母及残疾儿童兄弟姐妹也能够正常地生活”。一方面，提高残疾儿童在学校毕业后离开父母自立于社会的学校教育，充实残疾人在当地自立生活的支持服务；另一方面，到儿童能完全自立于社会为止，完善这期间的家庭支持服务。本文回顾了日本残疾儿童家庭支持政策的发展历程、目前存在的问题并提出了政策建议。……