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莫高窟窟区微气候环境研究

2016-07-21柴宗香牛贺强

敦煌研究 2016年3期

柴宗香 牛贺强

内容摘要:通过实测对比莫高窟六种不同下垫面对窟区微气候环境的影响,分析研究表明:窟前绿化采用滴灌形式的乔木林带效果最佳;微气流带走了水汽,使0.2m以下区域的绝对湿度值偏低;沙地与戈壁的空气绝对湿度与温度关系不大;草坪与地被植物更换成沙地灌木,既节约水源又不影响其降温效果。研究验证了莫高窟绿化对窟区微气候环境的缓冲作用,并提出了窟区景观绿化的合理建议。

关键词:莫高窟;下垫面;微气候;现场测试

中图分类号:P901 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2016)03-0117-07

Abstract: This research is a comparative analysis on the influence of six different underlying surfaces on the micro-climate environment of Mogao Grottoes by in-situ test. The results are as follows: for the trees in front of the caves, the best environmental effect can be achieved by drip irrigation; micro airflow takes away water vapor, which lowers the absolute humidity of areas under 0.2 meters; the absolute humidity of sand and Gobi has little relationship with air temperature; and finally, water consuming grass plots should be replaced with local sand shrubs that can save water and will not influence cooling effects. This research has preliminarily verified the buffer effect of reforestation on the micro-climate environment of the Mogao Grottoes, and subsequently puts forward suggestions for further landscaping efforts.

Keywords: Mogao Grottoes; underlying surface; micro-climate environment; in-situ test

0 引 言

莫高窟地处敦煌盆地东南缘,东邻三危山,西接鸣沙山,在大尺度荒漠和戈壁背景基质上依水而建,为典型的绿洲景观。由于荒漠、戈壁、绿化等不同下垫面影响着空气中的物理特性,莫高窟绿洲形成其特有的微气候环境。这种微气候环境与窟内的微气候环境之间有着极强的联动性[1-5],是引起文物劣化的重要因素[6]。张强等[7-8]对敦煌绿洲及周围沙漠戈壁的陆面湍流特征、绿洲边缘内外的水汽输送特征进行了分析;部分学者 [9-11]对绿洲、戈壁和沙漠三个不同下垫面夏季辐射和地表能量收支及闭合特征进行时空对比分析,但这些研究绿洲测点仅为农田,测试结论相对宏观。李红寿等[12-13]、秦全胜等[14-15]直接或间接证明莫高窟的地形地貌、水系统、植被等环境因子对窟区温湿度有重要影响;马淑静[16]对窟区绿化的温湿度做了简单分析,但其测点较少,不能有效解释下垫面温湿度的变化规律。……

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