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榆林窟第35窟营建年代与功德主辨析

2016-07-21陈菊霞

敦煌研究 2016年3期

内容摘要:依据榆林窟第35窟后甬道南壁曹延禄、曹延瑞的供养人题记和后甬道北壁于阗公主和阴氏夫人的排列次序,可将第35窟的重修年代推定在端拱元年(988)至咸平五年(1002)之间。榆林窟第35窟由悬泉镇的武氏家族重修,但为了敬重和奉承当权者,武氏家族还将归义军节度使曹延禄与夫人、节度副使瓜州团练使曹延瑞与夫人以及悬泉镇长官宋清儿等人画在窟中。

关键词:榆林窟第35窟;重修年代;功德主;武氏家

中图分类号:K879.21 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2016)03-0046-06

Abstract: The inscriptions beside the portraits of Cao Yanlu and Cao Yanrui and the order of the portraits of a Khotanese princess and Lady Yin on the south side of the back corridor of Cave 35 in the Yulin Grottoes help to determine that this cave was renovated between the first year of the Duangong era(988)and the fifth year of the Xianping era(1002). The patron of these renovations was the Wu Family from the town of Xuanquan. Some portraits of note-those of the Gui-yi-jun army governor Cao Yanlu and his wife, the deputy governor Cao Yanrui and his wife, and Song Qinger, commander of the town of Xuanquan-were painted to pay respect to and flatter the authorities of the time.

Keywords: cave 35 at the Yulin Grottoes; reconstruction date; patron; Wu family

(Translated by WANG Pingxian)

一 第35窟的营建年代

榆林窟第35窟,位于榆林窟西崖,有前甬道、前室、后甬道、主室。关于该窟表层的营建年代,学者多笼统地称为宋代{1}。由于其后甬道南壁有归义军节度使曹延禄和节度副使曹延瑞、北壁有曹延禄夫人等的供养人像和题名,我们可据此进一步推定出该窟表层壁画相对的具体年代。

第35窟后甬道南壁曹延禄和曹延瑞的供养人题名分别是:

敕竭诚奉化功臣归义军节度瓜沙等州观察处置管营田押蕃落等使特进检校太师兼中书令敦煌王谯郡开国公食邑一千七百户曹延禄一心供养

节度副使守瓜州团练使金紫光禄大夫检校司徒兼御使大夫谯郡开国男食邑三百户曹延瑞供养{2}

曹延禄题名中出现“太师、中书令、敦煌王”之称号。据荣新江先生研究,曹延禄于太平兴国九年(984)后有上述称号,由此,荣先生将第35窟的修建时间定在太平兴国九年(984)前后{3}。但我们还可以再细考之。P.4622《雍熙三年(986)墨离军诸军事曹延瑞设大供会请释门四部大众疏》尾题曰:“雍熙三年十月日弟子墨离军诸军事守瓜州团练使金紫光禄大夫检校司徒兼御史大夫曹延瑞疏。……

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