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城市模型反射率测量方法与运用

2016-05-31谭康豪覃英宏苏益声梁槚庞如月

土木建筑与环境工程 2016年2期

谭康豪 覃英宏 苏益声 梁槚 庞如月

摘要:介绍了一种测试城市模型反射率的试验方法。制作10个条形和十字形的城市模型进行测试,观测路面不同反射率对城市反射率的影响,并将实测模型反射率与ASTM E191806规范计算结果进行对比。研究发现:瞬时太阳辐射强度变化值在规范允许范围内,模型计算的反射率与ASTM E191806测量值的误差在0~0.1之间。当峡谷纵横比(建筑物高度与路面宽度之比)为10时,路面反射率从0.15提高到0.65,城市峡谷反射率增幅在0~0.30之间;提高路面反射率并不能有效提高城市峡谷反射率,尤其是纵横比较大的深峡谷。城市峡谷中的多重反射抑制城市反射率的提高。同时,反射路面将给行人增加额外的辐射通量,可能带来热不适感和眩光刺眼等问题。因此,应谨慎看待反射路面作为一个缓解城市热岛效应策略。

关键词:城市峡谷;热岛效应;多重反射;反射率;纵横比;反射路面

中图分类号:TU761

文献标志码:A 文章编号:16744764(2016)02011107

Abstract: A new method of measuring the albedo of urban prototype is proposed. The method is used to measure ten urban prototypes with different pavement reflectivity and with southnorth orientation, westeast orientation and crossstreet orientation, respectively. The results are compared with those obtained by the ASTM E191806 and the modified ASTM E191806. It is found that when the variation of the incident solar intensity is less than 20 W/m2 (a tolerant error stated by ASTM E1918A), the ASTM E191806 can either underestimate or overestimate the albedo of the urban canyon prototype up to 0.10. For an urban canyon (UC) with an aspect ratio of 1.0, an change from 0.15 to 0.65 of pavement albedo would cause an increase of the albedo of the UC from about 0.15 to 0.35 if the albedo of the roof and wall is about 0.40. Raising the albedo of the pavement in a UC is not an effective way to increase the albedo of the urban area, especially for UC with great aspect ratio. For low aspect ratio UC, raising the albedo of the pavement or of the parking lot introduces a sizable additional diffuse reflected radiation to the pedestrians. Therefore, it should be cautious to developing reflective pavements as an urban cooling strategy.

Keywords:urban canyon; urban heat island; multiple reflection; albedo; aspect ratio; reflective pavement

城市结构单元一般包括建筑墙体、屋顶及道路,道路与建筑两侧的空气形成类似于峡谷的地貌特征,称为“城市街道峡谷”(Urban canyon)。城镇化的进程使得城市下垫面发生重大改变,以前的透水性地面被不透水性地面所取代,由于干燥致密的混凝土路面无法进行有效地蒸发降温,存储于城市下垫面的热量只能以湿热的形式散失到城市环境中。城市热岛效应的成因与许多因素有关,其中最根本的诱因来自太阳直接辐射。由于太阳辐射为不可控因素,控制城市峡谷的热吸收量很大程度依赖于整个城市峡谷反射率的改变。……

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