刘海林 王家宝 雷菲 杨凯 林清火 罗微

摘 要 采用室内间歇式土柱淋溶试验，研究了缓释肥料棒氮钾在土壤中的淋出率，以期明确缓释肥料棒对氮钾的缓释效果。结果表明，缓释肥料棒可明显减缓氮钾淋出，减少氮、钾淋出量，对氮、钾具有缓释作用，且随着聚丙烯酰胺用量增加，缓释肥料棒氮、钾累积淋出率逐渐减小。当42 d淋溶时，聚丙酰胺用量为2%、4%、6%的缓释肥料棒氮素累积淋出率分别较普通肥料减少了10.91%、16.85%、21.93%，且处理间差异显著；钾素累积淋出率较普通肥料分别减少了26.28%、29.16%、32.61%。而且一级动力学方程对缓释肥料棒的氮、钾累积淋出率曲线拟合效果最佳，可用于表征氮、钾素累积淋出率与时间的关系。

关键词 缓释肥料棒；淋出率；缓释效果

中图分类号 S14 文献标识码 A

Abstract In order to determine the nitrogen and potassium slow-release effect of slow release fertilizer rods， an intermittent soil column leaching experiment was used to research the nitrogen and potassium leaching rate of slow release fertilizer rods in soil. The results showed that slow release fertilizer rods could obviously reduce nitrogen and potassium leaching loss， had good slow release effect， and with the increasing of polyacrylamide， the nitrogen and potassium accumulated leaching rate decreased. Compared to ordinary fertilizer， the nitrogen accumulated leaching rate of FR1， FR2， FR3 decreased by 10.91%， 16.85%， 21.93% in the 42 days leaching， respectively； the potassium accumulated leaching rate decreased by 26.28%， 29.16%， 32.61%， respectively. And the nitrogen and potassium accumulated leaching rate curve could be best simulated by first order kinetics equation， could be used to describe the relationship between nitrogen/potassium accumulated leaching rate and time.

Key words Slow release fertilizer rods； Leaching rate； Slow-release effect

doi 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2016.10.007

我国农业生产中经济林和果树占有重要地位，其种植面积广、产值大[1-2]。目前，在林木、果树上施用的主要是普通化学肥料，施肥量大，且施肥方法主要是开沟施肥，工作量大，费时费工[3]，而且肥料养分易挥发、淋失，导致肥料养分利用率较低，肥料资源浪费。针对上述问题，李宗来等[4]将化肥、粘合剂等挤压成肥料棒，并包覆降解膜制备成全素长效柱肥，高祖明等[5]发明了一种由化肥、壳体、石蜡或油膜组成的肥料棒。另外，由于缓/控释肥料具有减缓养分释放，减少养分淋失、提高肥料利用率等诸多优点[6-10]，科研人员也开展了肥料控释袋[11-13]、大颗粒缓控释肥料[14-15]、球型包膜控释肥[16]、多功能肥料块[17-18]等适用于林木、果树的大质量新型缓/控释肥料研究，并取得了一定效果。……