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城乡困难家庭的求助网络及其政策启示

2016-05-30王伟进

人口与经济 2016年3期

王伟进

摘 要:文章使用“城乡困难家庭调查”2014年跟踪数据, 对我国城乡困难家庭的求助网络结构和家庭因素进行分析,发现:血缘和亲缘关系仍是我国城乡困难家庭最天然的帮扶网络,但官方社会救助系统的作用已超过民间系统,邻里朋友仅在血亲和官方系统失灵时起补充作用;基层治理结构对求助网络的城乡差异产生影响,流动人口家庭求助网络呈现多元均衡的特征,但面临官方救助系统的制度性缺失;人口规模、低保资格两个家庭因素对城乡困难家庭求助网络有显著影响。文章认为,应进一步发挥社会力量的作用,针对我国城乡困难家庭建立官民并举、多元协作的社会救助政策体系。

关键词:困难家庭; 求助网络; 城乡差异; 家庭因素;社会救助

中图分类号:D632.1 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4149(2016)03-0115-11

Abstract:The traditional kinship is still the most natural and fundamental help provider, the official social assistance system plays a more important role than civil system in helping the poor families in contemporary China, while neighborhood and friend play a complementary role when the kinship and official system fail. The different urbanrural governance structures at grassroots level lead to different helpseeking networks of the poor families, and the helpseeking networks of migrant families are relatively more diverse and balanced, but to some extent they are excluded or ignored by official social assistance system. Among the family factors, family size and the qualification of receiving minimum living allowance have significant effect on the structures of the helpseeking networks of the poor families both in urban and rural areas. The social assistance system in China should combine official and private sectors, introduce diverse collaboration, and encourage shared responsibility.

Keywords:poor families; helpseeking networks; urbanrural differences; familial factors; social assistance.

贫困问题可能是人类社会面临的永恒难题和最大挑战[1],反贫困是我国民生事业建设的一项重要任务,建立和完善社会救助制度是解决城乡困难家庭生存和发展问题的重要举措。新中国成立以来,我国的社会救助与相关社会服务取得了可喜的发展,但是贫困尤其是相对贫困问题仍长期存在。同时,我国社会救助的主体责任在政府,社会救助工作行政特征明显,相关研究也主要是在宏观政策层面讨论。但微观层面上,城乡困难家庭的社会求助(支持)网络信息是社会救助政策的重要依据。实际上,求—助关系被认为是社会工作和社会工作研究的核心[2]。……

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