甘肃 董耀忠

完形填空答案推敲法举隅

甘肃 董耀忠

在高中英语试题中，完形填空既考查学生的基础知识储备，又考查学生对语言的运用能力。在基本了解了试题中短文的大意后，考生要准确、高效地将所有答案选对，十分困难。但针对多年考题特点，要提升考生推敲选择答案的正确率并非无法。以下结合2015年各地高考试题，简单介绍10种快捷实用的完形填空答案推敲方法，以供广大考生参考。

方法一：前后对照法——关注句中有效信息词

前后对照法就是基于试题短文中作者的写作思路，依据上下文的布局，切实利用文中的有效信息词，通过前后对照或合理想象而得出适合语境和文意的正确答案的方法。当然，对照联想所得的结果或语意方向一定要符合客观实际或自然规律，不能有主观意志的添加。

【精题例举】（2015·北京卷）Dario and his mother loved their new apartment....They played jazz music to celebrate their new home...their neighbor had written to complain（抱怨）about the sound of the piano...and apologize for their playing.

“Maybe we could go and_42_everyone in person.”his mother said.

“What if we invited them to come here for a_43_instead？” Dario asked.

They both loved the_44 idea.Over the next few days，they sent out invitations and prepared desserts_45 for their guests.They decorated the apartment with streamers（彩带）and party lights.

42.A.blame B.instruct

C.question D.visit

43.A.party B.concert

C.show D.play

【解题点拨】2015年北京卷完形填空是一篇故事类文章，讲述一对母子搬家前后的事。此处前后两空表面上均为词意辨析，实际上是基于文章写作思路的设题。前文讲到“new apartment，happiness，jazz music，neighbor，complain（抱怨），apologize”等关键信息，合理链接语意，应为“搬到新家，非常高兴，弹奏爵士乐，遭到邻居抱怨，随后去道歉”，联想思考，下文语境走向只有“visit everyone in person（亲自登门道歉）”，绝非“blame（指责），instruct（通知，命令），question（询问，质问）”之意；同样，利用下文有效信息，从“sent out invitations，prepared desserts，decorated the apartment with streamers and party lights”等可知，母子俩最终选择了“invited them for a party”。

【方法速测】...As a child，I was fascinated by the moon and the stars and dreamed about traveling into_____....

A.oceans B.mountains

C.planes D.space

方法二：逻辑推理法——关注句子前后语意关系

逻辑推理法就是基于文章写作线索，依据文中上下句语意，通过逻辑推理以判断前后语句之间的逻辑关系从而确定答案的方法。其核心是对前后句子的意思要理解准确、透彻。

【精题例举】（2015·北京卷）...The living room was large enough for their piano.That night，the two of them __36 s_at side by side at the piano.They played jazz music to celebrate their new home.The loud_37 music filled the room and made them feel very happy.The next morning，_38_，their happiness disappeared.

38.A.therefore B.however

C.otherwise D.instead

【解题点拨】此空所在短文语境同上。表面上看，本题是简单的副词辨析考查，但实际上是在考查前后句之间的语意逻辑。从前句中“loved their new apartment（爱他们的新居），large enough for their piano”和“played jazz music to celebrate（弹钢琴以庆贺）”可见搬家后迁入新居时的欢乐幸福气氛，然而后句中“their happiness disappeared（幸福消失）”，前后产生强烈对比。因此，此处毫无疑问需要一个逻辑关系为转折的副词，而therefore（因此）、otherwise（否则）和instead（代替）均不符合题意。

【方法速测】My hometown is in northeast China where the winter is very__1_—almost five to six months._2_，playing the shuttlecock（毽子）outside was the main game in the winter.I liked to play this kind of game very much.

1.A.cold B.short

C.warm D.long

2.A.However B.Otherwise

C.Therefore D.Besides

方法三：客观贴近法——关注客观常见表现情形

客观贴近法就是贴近客观思考解题的方法。是指在推敲选择答案时，依据客观实际，特别是任何人在面对相应事情时出现的符合常理的态度或做法，力避主观影响以确定答案方向或准确答案。

【精题例举】（2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ）...My kids and I were heading into the supermarket over the weekend.On the way，we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said，“__41__my job.Family to Feed.”

41.A.Lost B.Changed

C.Quit D.Finished

【解题点拨】该部分为2015年高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ完形填空的开头，全篇讲述教育孩子学会帮助他人的故事。通过开头及第二句“On the way ，we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said...（在路上，我们注意到一个男人握着一张纸，纸上写道：“______工作，需要养家。”）”可知，无需依靠全文语境帮助，结合被选项，贴近客观常见路边情形，不难确定为lost job，意为“失业”，绝非change job（换工作），因为family to feed与change job间不存在合理逻辑；quit（放弃）和finish（完成）就更无合理意义可言了。

【方法速测】...All through the night the young man sat，holding the old man’s hand，and offering_____words of hope.The dying man said nothing as he held tightly to his son.

A.sweet B.brief

C.gentle D.humorous

方法四：瞻前顾后法——关注上下文中的潜在答案

瞻前顾后法就是局部前瞻后顾之意，是指基于文章大框架结构，通过针对某些词、某一句或某几行内容判断答案或得出结论的方法。方法之核心是在放松心态欣赏文章之时，关注并准确运用有效词来确定答案。

【精题例举】（2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ）...But it may well be that the learning you really want_42 lies somewhere else instead.I had the_43 chance of seeing this first hand on a _44_.

My daughter plays on a recreational soccer team.They did well this season and...This led to some_46 painful experiences on Saturday....

It seemed that something clicked with the__51 girls between Saturday and Sunday....

44.A.trip B.holiday

C.weekend D.square

【解题点拨】该部分为2015年高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ完形填空中承上启下之句，该题为教育类短文，讲述了“亲身经历和实践是最好的老师”的道理。表面上看，此空是考查基于语境的词意辨析，且被选项均为名词。trip意为“旅行”，holiday意为“假期”，weekend意为“周末”，square意为“广场”，语意均很简单，但确定答案有一定难度。相反，放松心态，浏览下文，不难从“on Saturday”和“between Saturday and Sunday”中的“Saturday，Sunday”可知，是weekend（周末）发生的事。

【方法速测】To pick up waste，Dad used a little_____

that looked like a lawn mower（割草机）....

A.bag B.machine

C.stick D.knife

方法五：语法结构法——关注句中语法规则的使用

语法结构法就是基于全文语境大意，运用相关英语语法知识来解决问题，推敲选择答案的方法。其关键是要有扎实全面的语言和语法知识储备。

【精题例举】（2015·天津卷）...As perfect as it was，the price remained too high for us.But every day，we would sit by the lake，looking at the house and dreaming of

_22_it would be like to live there.

Days later，we made a（n）offer（出价）.

22.A.which B.why

C.that D.what

【解题点拨】2015年高考天津卷是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者和未婚夫准备结婚买房的事。此处句中“every day，we would sit by the lake，looking at the house and dreaming of ”，充分体现了他们对房子的期望，但仅凭语境意思似乎很难确定答案。分析句子结构，可知“it would be like to live there”为其前面of的宾语从句，从句中be like后缺少宾语，依据语法规则，应用关系词what。

【方法速测】As his father taught him，principles are simple matters of right and wrong.It is only the practice of principles_____difficult.

A.which is B.that is

C.it is D.this is

方法六：惯常搭配法——关注核心词的习惯用法

惯常搭配法是指依据已掌握的词的性质、词的基本意思，结合词的相关独特结构或专属搭配来选择恰当答案的方法。其关键是对核心词在相应情况下的语意拓展理解。

【精题例举】（2015·北京卷）...Dario’s mother smiled at Mrs.Gilbert.“I think maybe we_50_you an apology.”she said.“I didn’t_51 realize how late it was when we were playing.Maybe we should play some quieter music at night.”

50.A.give B.send

C.offer D.owe

【解题点拨】根据她说的“I didn’t realize how late it was when we were playing（没有意识到弹琴时已经很晚了）”和“Maybe we should play some quieter music at night（我们在晚上理应弹些轻柔的音乐）”，可知，空白所在句的意思绝对是“向你们道歉”，似乎“give（给予）、offer（提供，给）、send（送出，给）”三词更符合语境要求，可实际上，英语中owe sb.an apology表达更地道，意为“应该向某人道歉”。owe本意为“欠，欠……债”，此处是对其本意的拓展运用。

【方法速测】Even though no one had seen them，nor could anyone ever know what time he caught the fish，the boy could______by his father’s firm voice that the decision was fixed（固定的，没商量的）.

A.speak B.say

C.tell D.talk

方法七：固定词组法——关注固定词组和习惯用法

固定词组法就是利用固定词组搭配，巧妙切入文意以确定答案的方法。很大程度上，此类题均为单纯的词组意思辨析，是当前高考完形填空设题的重点。

【精题例举】（2015·安徽卷）...countries around the world have growing mountains of_37 rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.

How did we_38 become a throwaway society？ First of all，it is now easier to_39 replace an object than to spend time and money to repair it._40_modern manufacturing（制造业）and technology，companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively.

40.A.Thanks to B.As to

C.Except for D.Regardless of

【解题点拨】该部分为2015年高考安徽卷完形填空，全文叙述了人们偏好一次性用品，肆意乱扔，进而导致垃圾堆积如山的现象。此处为基于文章语境的单纯词组意思辨析，应选Thanks to，意为“幸亏，多亏”，句意为“多亏了当代制造业和技术，公司能够更快地生产产品，成本也降低很多”。 而as to意为“至于，关于”，except for意为“除了”，regardless of意为“不管”，语意均与语境不符。

【方法速测】The father was crushed.He_____his arms around his little girl，and he begged for her forgiveness.

A.put B.turned

C.handed D.gave

方法八：固定句型法——关注固定句型及连词的使用

固定句型法就是利用固定句式结构或固定句式结构中的连接词，来切入文意并确定答案的方法。此法的关键是要熟练掌握常用固定句型结构，解题时不能受到汉语思维的影响。

【精题例举】（2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ）It_57_ me that playing against the other team was a great_58 learning moment for all the girls on the team.I think it is a general principle....The lessons they learned may not be_60 different from what they would have gotten in school，but are certainly more personal and meaningful，because they had to work them out on their own.

57.A.confused B.struck

C.reminded D.warned

【解题点拨】根据承接上文“借鉴他人打法……自己越打越好”，接下文“playing against the other team，lessons they learned，more personal and meaningful”等内容可知，下文中的内容是对整个文章的一种归纳或总体感悟性阐释，故被选项中struck（strike）是核心词。该词本意为“击打，碰撞”，用在此处形成“It strikes sb.sth.”惯用句型结构，意为“……让某人突然想到”“让某人影响深刻的是……”或“我觉得……”之意。实际上，“strike”在此处就是表达文中事件对作者大脑的一次“冲击”或“敲打”。

【方法速测】So I agreed，and took my tray（餐盘）and was about to walk with her across the floor，_____suddenly felt a nudge（用胳膊肘轻碰）....

A.then B.when

C.while D.as

方法九：语意方向法——关注被选项词的语意方向

语意方向法就是基于答案语意方向来选择确定答案的方法。解题时重点要放在被选项的语意理解上。

【精题例举】（2015·福建卷）People were always doing things that annoyed her，and__39_was ever good enough.She was highly self-critical and also found fault with her friends.She became a really_40 boring person.

39.A.anything B.everything

C.something D.nothing

【解题点拨】2015年全国高考福建卷完形填空是一篇记叙文，讲述女孩Kerry的经历让我们意识到要学着放手，才能让自己的世界变得更美丽。此空无需理解文意就可选择答案，根据被选词的特点，anything（任何事）、everything（每件事）和something（某事，一些事）均表达“有事”，反过来，nothing意为“没有事”。通过语意方向答案明显可见，代入句中验证，意为“人们总是做着那些惹她恼怒的事情，没有一件事是好的”，顺应文意。

【方法速测】I believed that’s why he put all of his hopes and dreams into his children.He hoped our generation would do better.He_____dreamed that I would actually finish the ph.D.

A.always B.usually

C.never D.often

方法十：修辞引申法——关注句中词语意思的引申

修辞引申法就是结合语境，在准确理解被选项词的本意的基础上，结合语言修辞规律和文中语言色彩，对可用词进行意思引申而确定答案的方法。

【精题例举】（2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ）Stepping out not only helped a brother in_59 need，it also gave my kids the__60__taste of helping others.It’ll go a long way with them.

60.A.strong B.sweet

C.strange D.simple

【解题点拨】该部分为2015年高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ完形填空末尾，此空选择的重点应是对单词“taste”的理解，其本意为“（食物的）味道，味觉”，根据文章大意，感悟语境色彩，此处应为“（做某些事情的）滋味，趣味，爱好，甜头”，故应用“sweet”修饰，句意为：“走出去不仅仅帮助在危难中的兄弟，也让我的孩子们尝到了帮助他人的甜蜜的滋味。这会长久伴随他们的。”

【方法速测】With time and effort，I discovered her address，I wrote her a letter introducing myself and inviting her to correspond（通信）....During the next year and one month we two grew to know each other through the mail.Each letter was a_____falling on a fertile（肥沃的）heart.

A.plant B.seed

C.fire D.ice

总之，完形填空是一类集基础和能力于一体的高考重点题，仔细阅读，理清文意往往在很大程度上有助于答案的选择，但为了提高答题的速度和准确度，尝试在推敲答案时运用多种灵活方法未必不好。

（作者单位：甘肃省漳县第一中学）