词义猜测题和推理判断题高分秘籍

2016-04-08甘肃董耀忠

教学考试(高考英语) 2016年6期

甘肃董耀忠

词义猜测题和推理判断题高分秘籍

甘肃董耀忠

在考生熟练掌握了有效的解题思路、具备了较为扎实的语法功底和词汇基础外，就高考阅读题中相关主旨、细节、猜义和推断等题而言，讲求训练和答题的方法策略更是提高答题的效率和质量的关键。以下着重例举阐释阅读理解中猜测词义和推理判断题的几种解题方法和策略。

一、解题策略与方法

（一）猜测词义的八种方法

猜测词义是提高阅读速度的关键。阅读中，考生应学会如何灵活运用以下八种猜测词义的方法。

方法一：定义法。是指在阅读中通过定语从句或相关解释内容来猜测生词语义的方法。

【典例】Besides，careless blogging can also affect blog viewers.When you are angry or frustrated，your blog is the first place you turn to.The words you post then may not be rational which you may regret later.

（来源：http://www.genshuixue.com/tiku/m227093856khhmk1i1866ki22153lihl.html）

【问题】The underlined word “rational” in the paragraph probably means________.

A.right B.perfect

C.helpful D.reasonable

【分析】D。通过从句“which you may regret later（可能以后会后悔）”，以及“When you are angry or frustrated（当你沮丧时写博客）”，均可推得所写内容可能会不太合理，即“not reasonable”。

方法二：常识法。是指在阅读中通过运用客观常识或客观实际来猜测生词语义的方法。

【典例】Then there was silence.Mikey had scored all right，but in the wrong goal（球门），ending the game in a tie.For a moment there was a total hush.

（来源：http://www.1010jiajiao.com/gzyy/shiti_id_61f117e2566e6fa6ea31e1f741cd4e17/）

【问题】What does the underlined word “hush” probably mean?

A.Horry. B.Disaster.

C.Excitement. D.Silence.

【分析】D。Mikey进了球，但进错了球门，根据客观常识可推得人们的第一反应应是“寂静”或“鸦雀无声”。

方法三：同位法。是指在阅读中通过同位语或破折号部分来猜测生词语义的方法。

【典例】They traveled a long way ，at last got to a castle，a large building in old times.

（来源：http://www.zybang.com/question/62a4033ed1cab916024978f23a8c72e7.html）

【问题】The underlined word “castle” probably means ________.

A.教堂 B.城堡

C.街区 D.胡同

【分析】B。根据同位语部分“a large building in old times” 给出的确切解释可知，“城堡”语义最为恰当。

方法四：关键词法。是指在阅读中通过利用关键词来猜测生词语义的方法。

【典例】My palms were itching to slap her for being so rude but the poor mother continued to cajole her，hoping that the gentle persuasion would work wonders.

（来源：http://www.iliyu.com/gaokao/zixun/gaozhao/2309153/）

【问题】The underlined word “cajole” probably means ________.

A.persuade B.scold

C.forgive D.punish

【分析】A。通过伴随状语“hoping that the gentle persuasion would work wonders”的语义和其中的关键词“persuasion”可得答案。

方法五：对比法。是指在阅读中通过前后句之间的逻辑关系对比来猜测生词语义的方法。

【典例】She is usually prompt for all her class，but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.Her teacher is speaking something in her office now.

（来源：http://www.zybang.com/question/7abc38e374b37f12b6ad133e3056623a.html）

【问题】The underlined word “prompt” probably means _______.

A.on time B.out of date

C.too late D.overtime

【分析】A。“but”一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。but后半句的意思是“她今天第一节课中途才来”，因此通过对比反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。

方法六：构词法。是指在阅读中通过前缀、后缀、复合、派生等来猜测生词语义的方法。

【典例】In 2005，after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班），which had outlawed TV，1 in 5 Afghans had one.The global total is another 150 million by 2013—pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.

（来源：http://www.7cxk.com/gaokao/s/2158.html）

【问题】The underlined word “outlawed” probably means_______.

A.allowed B.banned

C.offered D.refused

【分析】B。根据句意“塔利班垮台后，五分之一的人开始有了电视”，以及构词法可得“outlawed”意为“宣布……不合法”，即：在该政府执政时，电视是被禁止的。

方法七：因果法。是指在阅读中通过句子前后之间的因果关系来猜测生词语义的方法。

【典例】At the time of crime，he felt no emotion but later he began to feel guilty，so he went to the police and told them the whole story.

（来源：http://local.joelonsoftware.com/wiki/User:Wnwyjdwpygw）

【问题】In the passage，the word “guilty” nearly means_______.

A.unhappy B.happy

C.sad D.wrong

【分析】D。通过文中“feel guilty”的结果“so he went to the police and told them the whole story”，即去自首，可反推出原因为感到“有罪的、内疚的”。

方法八：上下文法。是指在阅读中通过联系上下文以猜测生词语义的方法。

【典例】Discreetly（谨慎地），I remained standing a few feet away and lit a cigarette to wait my turn.It was when I threw the dead match on the ground that I noticed something bright red trickling from under the call box door.

（来源：http://gaokao.koolearn.com/20150305/846888.html）

【问题】The underlined word “trickling” in the paragraph probably means________.

A.rushing out suddenly

B.shining slowing

C.flowing slowly in drops

D.appearing slowly in a red color

【分析】C。通过上文“站在几英尺远的地方点燃香烟”到“threw the dead match on the ground（往地下扔烟头）”以及上文中的“to wait my turn”到下文“under the call box door（在电话亭门口等待打电话）”，可见“something bright red”，即鲜红色的某物来自电话亭里打电话的那个人，通过上下文更能推得顺着电话亭的底部往下滴的应该是血。

（二）推理判断的十种方法

阅读是获取信息的一种手段，推理判断是提高阅读质量的一种基本功。阅读中，考生应学会如何恰当运用以下十种方法，以正确推理判断出文章所涉及的相关信息。

方法一：写作意图法。主要用于解决作者写作意图类题目，是指通过抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向的推理来判断作者写作意图或写作目的的方法。

【典例】Five million people visit Grand Canyon in the US every year.For the purpose of helping protect Grand Canyon for your fellow visitors and future generations，please follow the guideless below.

（来源：http://www.mofangge.com/html/qDetail/03/g3/201111/00w4g303181923.html）

【问题】What’s the main purpose of the text?

A.To provide travel information.

B.To report some recent news.

C.To teach tourists hiking skills.

D.To introduce the wildlife.

【分析】A。从“please follow the guideless below”即可推得本文主要是讲要去那里旅游的注意事项。

方法二：态度倾向法。主要用于解决作者写作态度类题目，是指通过准确理解语段中的隐含信息来判断作者态度的方法。

【典例】On the first day of my visit，we went out with one of my father’s friends for lunch at an outdoor care.We talked along that afternoon，did some shopping，ate on the street table，and laughed over my father’s funny facial expression.Gone was my father’s critical（挑剔的） air and strictrules.Who was this person I knew as my father，who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around？What had held him back before?

（来源：http://www.zybang.com/question/8f22439a4e0fbdb7ade2d3967a20d878.htm）

【问题】What does the author think of her father after her visit ?

A.More critical.

B.More talkative.

C.Gentle and friendly.

D.Strict and hard-working.

【分析】C。根据文中“Who was this person I knew as my father，who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around？”等句的隐含信息，可推得作者认为她的父亲很友好。

方法三：深层推理法。主要用于解决深层推理类题目，是指在准确理解文章中句子字面意思的基础上，运用自己已有的知识和经验来推测作者的言外之意或弦外之音的方法。

【典例】A well-known old man was being interviewed and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday.“That’s right，”said the old man.“Ninety-nine years old，and I haven’t an enemy in the world.They’re all dead.”

“Well，sir，”said the interviewer，“I hope very much to have the honor of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday.”

The old man looked at the young man closely，and said，“I can’t see why you shouldn’t.You look fit and healthy to me!”

（来源：http://m.mofangge.com/html/qDetail/03/g1/201408/d6adg103389002.html）

【问题】What kind of man would you say the old man was?

A.He was ill.

B.He was unconscious.

C.He was very proud and sure of his health.

D.He was very polite to young people.

【分析】C。从老人所说的“‘That’s right，’ said the old man.‘Ninety-nine years old，and I haven’t an enemy in the world.They’re all dead.’”等句中可看到老人对自己高寿的自豪。最后一段，老人说：“I can’t see why you shouldn’t.You look fit and healthy to me!” 这句话又体现了老人对自己健康状况的自豪和自信。

方法四：结论推理法。主要用于解决结论推理类题目，是指通过对文章已知信息的理解来推断各种有可能或一定能出现的各种结论的方法。

【典例】Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism，the three students have received two thousand dollars with which they will do a study to find out whether Toronto’s immigrant businessmen would support an openair market.They hope the merchants will support the plan strongly.“A study done earlier this year showed that 90 percent of shoppers would be in favor of it，” Salvatori said.“At first it would be an experiment.But we think it will prove to be good business for the merchants，as well as tourist attraction.”

（来源：http://myzyw.zx98.com/English/z02/201402/25142.html）

【问题】It can be inferred from the text that the Canadian government supports_______.

A.the protection of different cultures

B.the plan of an open-air market

C.the request of merchants

D.the attitude of shoppers

【分析】A。从文中“Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism，the three students have received two thousand dollars（从加拿大政府一个多元文化项目中，三个学生获取了2 000美元的基金）”可得知A项正确。反之，试想想，如果加拿大政府不支持对不同文化的保护，能设多元文化保护项目吗？能拨出2 000美金给学生们从事多元文化的研究吗？自然“the protection of different cultures”就是正确结论了。

方法五：组织结构法。主要用于解决文章结构考查类题目，是指通过根据文章已有的结构内容来推敲判断原文未写到的信息或相关已有信息在文中所起作用的方法。

【典例】Another way is energy conservation（节能），which means using energy more efficiently（有效地）.In some very cold countries people build special houses to save energy.They place materials between the inside and the outside of the walls of the house to keep the cold out and the warmth in.The house is heated by the lights，the body heat of the people and the other equipment in it.

（来源：http://www.zybang.com/question/9fe9eea1801826c4b39a2e9d0f20b9e0.html）

【问题】The writer tells about the “special house” because they________.

A.show the excellent skills of the builders

B.serve as an example of energy conservation

C.are heated by different sources of energy

D.are warmer than other types of houses

【分析】B。根据首句，本段的中心主题是节能，显然后文“special house”的提及是作为一个例子来具体说明它是节能的一种具体方式。

方法六：体裁出处法。主要用于解决文章体裁出处类题目，是指通过文章所述内容或文章的结构形式来推理判断文章所属体裁的方法。

【典例】China’s first lunar probe Chang’e Ⅰ has broken the country’s space exploration record by traveling farther from the planet than any other Chinese satellite after it moved to the far point of its third orbit on Tuesday afternoon.

The satellite moved to about 120 000 kilometers away from the earth at 5：40 p.m.on Tuesday，...

（来源：http://www.1010jiajiao.com/paper_id_14613）

【问题】In which part of a newspaper does the passage most probably appear?

A.Economics.

B.Politics.

C.Science and Technology.

D.Entertainment and Sports.

【分析】C。根据文章主要介绍Chang’e Ⅰ的发射、运行等相关信息，即可判定文章是关于科技领域的。

方法七：归纳推理法。主要用于解决归纳推理题，是指通过对文中的细节信息链的归纳整理来推断问题答案的方法。

【典例】Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly，for example by dipping（浸）it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle—that is，it will break easily.Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily.It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished，by annealing it.The metal is heated，and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time.The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly，the softer it becomes.Annealing can also be used on other material，such as glass.

（来源：http://www.mofangge.com/html/qDetail/03/g3/201408/gsh9g303419203.html）

【问题】In annealing，the required hardness of metal depends on________.

A.the quantity of water used

B.the temperature of the metal

C.the softness of the metal

D.the timing of the operation

【分析】D。根据文中的“The metal is heated，...length of time.”“The longer...the softer it becomes.”等句，可得出结论：在退火过程中，金属的硬度受冷却时间长短的影响。

方法八：细节推理法。主要用于解决细节类推理题，是指通过利用问题题干中的关键信息和其对应在文中的某个句子结合推理问题答案的方法。

【典例】When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day，I was very happy.She was at least fifteen years younger than I.One day she signed me to come near.When I walked over，she asked，“Are you single?”“Why，yes.” I answered，smiling at her happily.“So is my mother.” she said，“Would you like to meet her?”（来源：http://www.yingyu.com/e/20120207/4f30f5402fcf8_3.shtml）

【问题】The waitress said“ Are you single?” to the writer because________.

A.she lived near his house

B.he often went to visit her mother

C.she wanted to be friendly with him

D.she loved him very much

【分析】C。通过理解关键句“‘So is my mother.’she said，‘Would you like to meet her?’”及题干中女孩儿问作者是否单身，可推得其目的是想取得他的好感，进而撮合他和她母亲。

方法九：逻辑推理法。主要用于解决逻辑推理类题目，是指通过对已给信息的逻辑关系的理解推敲来推理答案的方法。

【典例】A visitor visits an island where two tribes live.One tribe always tells the truth and the other always lies.The truth tellers live on the western side of the island，and those who lie live on the eastern side.The visitor wants to determine whether the native beside him is a truth teller or not by asking only one question.He asks the native，“Go and ask the native in the distance which side of the island he lives on.”When the messenger returns，he says，“He said he lives on the western side of the island.” Is the messenger a truth teller or not? How can the visitor be sure?（来源：http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_44c9bedf01017wx9.html）

【问题】According to the messenger’s answer，the visitor can conclude that________.

A.the messenger lives on the western side of the island because he tells the truth

B.the messenger lives on the eastern side of the island because his answer may be a lie

C.it’s hard to determine whether the messenger is a truth teller or not

D.the messenger probably lives in the western side of the island because his answer may be true

【分析】A。从文中信息可知，讲真话的部落住在岛的西部，撒谎的部落住在岛的东部。这个信使去问远方的当地人住在岛的哪一边（东部还是西部）。远方的当地人只能有两种情况，要么住在岛的西部，要么住在岛的东部。如果他住在岛的西部，他就是一个讲真话的人，就会如实回答他住在西部。如果他住在岛的东部，他就是一个撒谎的人。他本来住在东部，但在回答时，必须要说谎，他只能回答他住在西部。所以远方的当地人不管是住在东部还是西部，他的回答只有一个：“我住在西部”。如果信使告诉参观者远方的当地人住在西部，信使无疑是说了真话，那么信使一定是住在岛的西部。

方法十：正误判断法。主要用于解决细节信息的正误判断类题目，是指通过利用原文信息追根溯源，理解判定被选各项所涉及信息对错的方法，常可用优选或排除两种思路。

【典例】The sand hills still breathed heat from yesterday ’s sun，though the top of the sand was cool.He ran down to the beach impatiently，but there was no one，just dry sand dancing in the early wind and seabirds marching up and down watching the waves.

The light changed suddenly.The first rays of sunlight stretched（延伸） across the sea.The sun was pushing its way over the edge of the world.

Over the first rocks，along to the point.Tim glanced back.The beach was still empty.The sun sailed higher in the sky.

He could see the cave now，even darker in the morning light.The sand turned silver than dark gold as the water flowed away from it.He had to force himself to go closer.Why was it so much more mysterious（神秘的） now? But it would be silly to go back now after so much trouble.He needn’t go in all the way.

（来源：http://www.zybang.com/question/7724b15d3b19e188b0beebcf8f9cb704.html）

【问题】Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the story?

A.The sea looked like a piece of gold.

B.Seabirds flew away when Tim arrived.

C.Tim was the only person on the beach.

D.The sky got dark as Tim reached the cave.

【分析】C。此类题主要涉及三错一对和三对一错两种，所谓“对”是指符合原文，所谓“错”是指和原文有矛盾，或原文未提及。推敲四个选项，A项（大海看起来像一块儿金子），文中没有提及，文中涉及金子（gold）的句子是“The sand turned silver than dark gold as the water flowed away from it.（海水退去之后，沙滩的颜色变得比黑金更暗）”，与此不符；B项（Tim到达时，海鸟都飞走了）与原文中的“seabirds were marching up and down watching the waves.（海鸟上下飞翔，俯瞰海浪）”相矛盾；D项（当Tim到达洞穴时，天色暗下来了）与“The sun sailed higher in the sky.（太阳已经高高地升上了天空）”相矛盾；原文中的“but there was no one（一个人都没有）”与“The beach was still empty（海滩上仍然不见人踪）”和C项（Tim was the only person on the beach.）互相印证，意义一致。