安徽 王玉峰（特级教师）

从典型考题解读定语从句考点

安徽 王玉峰（特级教师）

定语从句是历年高考试题中的重要考点，无论是在单选、短文填空、短文改错，甚至在完形填空中都有其踪迹，更不用说在书面表达中了。以下结合典型例题解读定语从句的重要考点。

一、考查关系代词与关系副词的区别

引导定语从句的关系代词在所引导的定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，关系副词在所引导的定语从句中作状语。决定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键不是先行词，而是关系词在所引导的定语从句中所作的成分。如：

1.This is the factory where we worked ten years ago.（关系副词where引导的定语从句修饰指地点的先行词“factory”，其本身在所引导的定语从句中作不及物动词work的状语）

2.This is the factory in which we worked ten years ago.（定语从句的先行词是指物的“factory”，介词后跟关系代词which，in which=where）

3.This is the factory that/which we visited ten years ago.（先行词是指物的名词，关系代词that/ which作从句及物动词 visit的宾语，此处也可以省去that/ which）

【解题技巧】1.先根据主句成分是否齐全，从句是否修饰名词、代词或者句子判定是否为定语从句；2.分析句子结构，看表时间或地点的先行词在定语从句中是作状语，还是作主语或宾语；3.看定语从句中的动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，或是“不及物动词＋介词”结构。

【典题1】（2016全国卷Ⅰ）But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s， 65I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

【答案与解析】when。横线后面的句子主要成分完整，从句修饰时间名词“mid-1980s”，用关系副词when引导非限制性定语从句。

【典题2】（2014全国卷Ⅰ）Maybe you leave a habit 67is driving your family crazy.

【答案与解析】that/which。“a habit”是指物的先行词，其后是一个定语从句，从句缺少主语，所以用关系代词that/which。

二、考查关系代词之间的区别

引导定语从句的关系代词指物的有that，which；指人的有who，whom，whose，其中口语中也可用that指人。在从句中作主语的关系词有that，which，who； 作宾语的有that，which，whom，口语中也可以用who代替whom，但是“介词+关系代词”中的关系代词不用who和that；作表语用that；作定语用whose，也可用which。如：

1.She may fall ill，in which case she will have to be taken to the hospital at once.她可能病了。如果是这样，就得马上送她上医院。（which引导非限制性定语从句，in that case是介词短语“那样情况下”，可以看出此处是关系代词which代替作定语的指示代词that）

2.She is the only one of those girls who is willing to take a make-up exam.她是那些姑娘中唯一一个乐意参加补考的人。（who在所引导的定语从句中作主语，不能换成whom或whose，先行词“one”指人，不用which）

3.She was the only woman of the three whose face was free of make-up.在三个女性里面，她是唯一没有使用化妆品的。（whose作定语，相当于“the face of whom”）

【解题技巧】1.通过关系词在句中所作成分确定用关系代词；2.根据先行词确定指人还是指物；3.综合先行词和其所在从句中的作用确定具体的关系代词；4.注意关系代词的具体用法和特殊情况。

【典题1】（2015全国卷Ⅰ）I’d skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River64are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.

【答案与解析】that/which。先行词是“the limestone mountain tops and dark waters”，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故应用指物的关系代词that/which。

【典题2】（2011广东卷）Behind him were other people to 21 he was trying to talk，but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me，looking annoyed.

【答案与解析】whom。根据介词to可看出是“介词+关系代词”结构，不能用who和that。定语从句的先行词“people”指人，所以应用作宾语的关系代词whom。

【典题3】（改编自2016北京卷，22）I live next door to a couple________children often make a lot of noise.

【答案与解析】whose。定语从句的主语children前面缺少作定语的限定词，根据句子意思可看出是“their children”，因此用连接定语从句的关系代词 whose。

三、考查关系副词的区别及“介词+关系代词”

引导定语从句的关系副词有 when，where，why 等，先行词分别是指时间、地点和原因的名词或代词，其在先行词的后面起引导作用，同时在定语从句中分别充当时间、地点和原因状语。关系副词在定语从句中相当于“介词＋which ”。先行词是way时后面跟in which或that（也可以省略），在定语从句中作方式状语。如：

1.Computer scientists rushed in great numbers onto the stage where the game was being played and began to type many instructions into the keyboard to rouse the computer system again.电脑科学家们一批批急忙赶到比赛现场并敲击键盘输入很多命令以使计算机系统再次启动。（从句成分完整，先行词“stage”指地点，后跟where引导的定语从句）

2.I fail to see any reason why（for which）we should worry ourselves about those people.我真不懂我们为什么要替那些人担忧。（先行词是“reason”，定语从句不缺主要成分，用关系副词why引导，也可以转换成for which）

3.I like the way in which he talks.=I like the way that he talks.=I like the way he talks.

【解题技巧】1.确定关系词在所引导的定语从句中作状语；2.根据先行词确定是时间、地点、原因还是方式；3.注意where并不总是指地点，还可以是situation，case，point，stage等。

【典题1】（2014广东卷）The next day，my brother and I went to the beach 24 we watched some people play volleyball.

【答案与解析】where。本句是一个定语从句，先行词是“the beach”，后面的定语从句“we watched some people play volleyball”句子结构完整，所以要使用关系副词来引导定语从句，先行词beach是指地点的名词，故用where。

【典题2】（改编自2016天津卷，9）We will put off the picnic in the park until next week， ______the weather may be better.

【答案与解析】when。先行词是指时间的名词“next week”，从句是完整的主系表结构，所以应用作时间状语的关系副词when。

四、考查限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

非限制性定语从句与主句之间在形式上通常由一个逗号隔开，但有时也不用逗号，这要视具体情况而定。一般能用限制性定语从句修饰的先行词也可以用非限制性定语从句修饰，但先行词是独一无二的人或物、专有名词、整个句子或句子的一部分时宜用非限制性定语从句。that和why通常不用来引导非限制性定语从句，而且非限制性定语从句的引导词一般不省略。如：

1.Shanghai，which lies in the south of China，is a beautiful city.

2.His father，who went to France ten years ago，died of cancer.

【解题技巧】1.跟限制性定语从句一样确定用关系代词还是关系副词；2.考虑到非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的不同，排除不用于非限制性定语从句的关系词；3.考虑as与which的区别；4.注意从句中插入成分的干扰作用，避免与限制性定语从句混淆。

【典题1】（2016全国卷Ⅲ）Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius， 67 lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the development of chopsticks.

【答案与解析】who。由逗号可看出是非限制性定语从句，先行词“Confucius”指人，考虑到虽然that可以指人，但是不用于非限制性定语从句，而且关系词在从句中作主语，所以用who。

【典题2】（改编自2016浙江卷，11）Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of________have been proved.

【答案与解析】which。根据prove可看出空白处应该指代前面的“theories”，确定是定语从句，结合逗号确定是非限制性定语从句，关系代词that不可以用于“介词+关系代词”或非限制性定语从句中，what不引导定语从句，whom指人，which指物。

五、考查定语从句与其他从句的区别

定语从句从结构上看有时候跟同位语从句、并列句、状语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、强调句型等极为相似，这类题极具迷惑性，凭印象选择很容易出错。如：

1.Nobody believed his reason for being absent from class that he had to meet his uncle at the airport.（that后的从句说明reason的内容，且句子成分完整，that只起连接作用，引导同位语从句。如果将其看做是定语从句，则从句内容表示结果，用why引导，如：The reason why he was absent from class was that he had to meet his uncle at the airport.）

2.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year，80% of which are sold abroad．（这是非限制性定语从句，若在80%前加and，它就会变成并列句，那就要用代词them代替which，即：80% of which=and 80% of them）

3.His plan was such a good one that we all agreed to accept it.（从句中成分完整，因此是such引导的结果状语从句。如果从句中无it，则为定语从句，那就要用引导定语从句的关系代词as代替引导结果状语从句的that）

4.You can only be sure of what you have at present；you can’t be sure of something you might get in the future．（what引导宾语从句，且作宾语从句中have的宾语，若of后有all，则用that引导定语从句，即all that=what）

5.—Mom，what did your doctor say?

—He advised me to live where the air is fresher．（没有先行词，说明它是连接副词where引导的地点状语从句，不可以转化成引导定语从句的in which。类似的还有where引导的宾语从句，如：That’s where I disagree.）

6.As is known to everybody，Taiwan is part of China．（句子中间有逗号，说明它是非限制性定语从句，而且引导词置于句首，as不可以换成which。该句可以转换成主语从句，即：It is known to everybody that Taiwan is part of China.）

7.It was at eight o’clock that we arrived at the foot of the mountain.（“It be...that...”是强调句结构，即使被强调的部分指时间或地点也不可以用when或where。比较：It was in the park where we met ten years ago that we met again yesterday.）

【解题技巧】1.根据句子结构和句意确定是何种句型；2.根据相关句型确定合适的连词。

【典题1】（2014全国卷Ⅱ）There were many people waiting at the bus stop， 62 some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.

【答案与解析】and。横线前后均是一个完整的句子，两个分句之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，故应填连词；根据句意和两句之间的逻辑关系可看出是递进的并列关系，用and。其中and some of them= some of whom。

【典题2】（改编自2015湖南卷，21）It was when we were returning home_______I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.

【答案与解析】that。此句是“It was...”开头且去掉“It was”后可以还原成一个意义完整的句子，故判断此句是一个强调句，强调“when we were returning home”。不要误以为是定语从句而误用where。

（作者单位：安徽省蚌埠市怀远第一中学）