[摘要]窗是建筑的重要组成部分，窗的作用是界定空间。窗作为内部空间与外部空间的连接点，窗内为内部空间，外为外部空间，内外空间清晰明了，这一空间划分特征在中国古典文人园林中表现得最为精彩。有代表性的长窗、漏窗、六角窗、什锦窗等。本文重点阐述了不同类型窗所创造的独特景观效果，空间意义，并且深入探析“折枝”窗景本身所蕴涵的历史文化、社会生活信息和内涵，最后对一些有代表意义的长窗、漏窗的材料、构造做法进行研究和探讨。

[关键词]中国古典文人园林；折枝窗景；制作工艺

[Abstract] Windows， which act as the delimitation of spaces， are one of the most important parts of architectures. As a boundary， spaces inside of windows are considered as inside space， where as the other side is to be outside space. It is windows that give us a clear sense of spaces between outside and inside. This utility of windows for space division， such as the long window， ornamental perforated window， assorted window， hexagonal window， etc， was well

performed in Chinese classical landscape architecture. Here， we discussed the sight effects and spatial meanings created by various patterns of windows and analyzed historical， cultural and social implications of the window scenery of “Zhezhi”. Finally， the elementary substance and structure of the long window and ornamental perforated window were also discussed.

[Key words] Chinese classical landscape architecture；The window scenery of “Zhezhi”；Technology

一、中国古典文人园林的窗

老子在《道德经》中提出，建造房屋时墙上留有空洞装门窗，才能使空间空气流通，人们在房屋里才能居住的舒服。所以有时，我们可以利用空的、无的为有提供更多的空间。园林建筑上的窗户就像画框，将建筑外面的风景界定在窗洞里。明代造园著作《园冶》中就有“藉以粉壁为纸，以石为绘也”的描绘。如江南园林建筑上的窗形式多样，时而窗洞、时而漏窗，让参观者在园林中行走时，有移步换景之感。

（一）中国古典文人园林的窗之形式

计成的《园冶》中有关门窗部分说到：“门窗磨空，制式时裁，不惟屋宇翻新，斯谓林园遵雅。工精虽专瓦作，调度犹在得人，触景生奇，含情多致，轻纱环碧，弱柳窥青。伟石迎人，别有一壶天地（图1）；修草弄影，疑来隔水笙簧。佳境宜收，俗尘安到。切记雕镂门空，应当磨琢窗垣；处处邻虚，方方侧景。非传恐失，故式存余。……