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罗尔斯公共理性思想的理论贡献与局限性

2016-01-12张伟伟

张伟伟

摘 要:伴随着西方宪政民主社会自由制度的确立,理性多元论成为一种既定和长期存在的事实。现代民主社会理性多元论事实的存在决定了在其中生活的自由平等的公民根本无法就根本政治问题达成一种共识。因此,一个迫切的问题摆在世人面前:“面对各种合乎理性的完备性学说,一个由自由平等的公民组成的正义且稳定的社会如何可能?”罗尔斯试图通过“公共理性”去构建一种政治的正义观念,他把公共理性的理想看作是立宪民主的一种“恰当补充”,认为只有公共理性才能保证民主社会的长久稳定。因此,公共理性思想的理论贡献是不可小觑的,但是公共理性的局限性也是存在的,罗尔斯的公共理性主要针对国家或法律层面,他把决定公共理性的任务主要留给了政府,而不是留给持续发展的社会之公民,一定程度上限制了民主政治的活力。

关键词:罗尔斯;公共理性;理论贡献;局限性

中图分类号:D90

文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-1101(2015)04-0019-04

Abstract:With the establishment of the system of western constitutional democratic society, rational pluralism become an established fact that has been existing for a long time. The existence of the facts of modern democratic society rational pluralism determines that citizens living in the modern democratic society cannot reach a consensus on fundamental political issues. Therefore, there is an urgent problem of “how is the just and stable society which is composed of free and equal citizens possible?” Rawls attempts to build a political concept of justice through “public reason”, he sees the ideal of “public reason” as a “proper complement” of constitutional democracy, and believes that only public reason can ensure the stability of democratic social order for a long time, thus its theoretical contribution is to be reckoned with. But there are limitations. Rawlss public reason is mainly aimed at countries or legal level, and he leaves the government, rather than the citizens, the task of public reason, limiting the democratic political vigor to some extent.

Key words:Rawls; public reason; theoretical contribution; limitation

当代政治哲学领域的两位伟大学者罗尔斯和哈贝马斯曾就公共理性这一领域展开对话和讨论,由此可以看出公共理性这一问题的重要性。“公共理性”是罗尔斯在《政治自由主义》中所补充的重要基本概念之一,其与另一概念“重叠共识”共同构成了他的政治自由主义理论的支柱性概念,“公共理性”这一概念促使罗尔斯思想从道德哲学转向了政治建构主义,同时“公共理性”对于罗尔斯在《政治自由主义》中所阐述的自由主义思想具有关键性的作用。……

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