劳伦斯?方丹 张作成

[摘 要]在一个身份社会中，例如，16-18世纪的欧洲，市场经济的发展是对传统社会等级制度的一个威胁。在那种背景下，某些情感的污名化是掌握在那些支持贵族立场的人手中的一种武器。这种贵族立场支持馈赠经济，反对基于价格估价之上的市场经济。源于两种观点的经济行为形成了行为上的极端化，贵族的慷慨和商人的贪婪。当他们的价值相矛盾并遭到批判时，双方都有一种情感反应，尤其是愤怒的反应，但这些情感表现是被社会不平等地忍受的。两种经济之间的对立，反映在中世纪教会针对贪婪、高利贷和贪欲发动的斗争。反映了当代所关注主题的一些16与17世纪戏剧表明，舞台上表现的贪婪和慷慨的经济行为与在那一时期司法档案中发现的经济行为是一致的。这些情感的出场，以及写给国王请求宽恕的赦免令也表明，由于社会地位和性别不同，社会不同部分忍受法律的程度是不同的。在近代欧洲，社会地位越高的人，就越有愤怒的权利。

[关键词]贵族政治经济；市场经济；贪婪；慷慨；愤怒

[中图分类号]K504 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1000-3541（2015）06-0001-12

Emotional Economies in Early Modern Europe

——Prodigality， avarice and anger -passions and emotions at the heart of the encounter between aristocratic economy and market economy

Laurence Fontaine，Transl1，By ZHANG Zuo-cheng2

（1.ENS-EHESS， France 75013；2.Harbin Normal University， Department of History， Harbin 150025， China）

Abstract： In a status society such as Europe was in the 16th-18th centuries， the development of the economic market was a threat to traditional social hierarchies. In that context， the stigmatization of certain passions was a weapon in the hands of those promoting aristocratic views which advocated the gift economy against those who advocated a market economy based on evaluation of prices. The economic behavior resulting from each of these views produced extremes of behavior， prodigality in the case of the aristocratic and avarice in the mercantile. When their values were contradicted and criticized， there was an emotional response on both sides， especially one of anger， but the manifestations of these emotions were unequally tolerated by society. The manifestation of antagonism between political economies is the struggle waged by the Church in the Middle Ages against avarice， usury and greed. Some theater plays from the 16th and 17th centuries which reflect contemporary debates on the subject to show that the economic behaviors of avarice and prodigality represented on the stage match those that can be found in judicial archives of the period. The staging of these passions， as well as the letters of remission written to ask mercy from the king， also reveal the unequal tolerance of the law towards differing sections of society on the basis of social status and gender. It shows that the more status you had， the more rights to anger you had in early modern Europe.

Key words：aristocratic political economy； market economy；avarice；prodigality；anger

[收稿日期]2015-10-01

一、情感的分類：作为一种反对市场的武器

市场是身份社会动态变化中一种重要的利害关系，也是穷人生存策略的一部分。在一个像近代欧洲这样的身份社会中，市场的发展威胁到了社会等级制度。在这种背景下，应该强调获取和给予是贵族社会中两种首选的兼并形式，因为获取和给予是仅有的两种交换形式，容许捐赠人维护其优越性和身份的平等。……