潘素洪

一、词法结构

（一）偏正结构

1. 形容词+名词

【例1】 While there are _____（amaze） stories of instant transformation， for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.

【解析】根据“形容词+名词”结构可知，stories前缺少形容词。本空填amazing。

2. 冠词+名词

【例2】As a result，the _____（west）usually become very fat and have bad teeth.

【解析】根据“冠词+名词”结构，定冠词后接west的名词形式。根据语境，指人用westerner。又因为句子要保持主谓一致，所以填westerners。

3. 冠词+形容词+名词

【例3】Besides，shopping at this time of the year was not _____ pleasant experience.

【解析】根据“冠词+形容词+名词”结构，本空缺少冠词，不定冠词a是泛指，符合语境。

（二）动宾结构

在英语中充当及物动词宾语的主要有名词、代词和动名词，即“动词+名词”“动词+代词”“动词+动名词”结构。在语法填空题中，“动词+名词”和“动词+动名词”结构没有被考查。本文中的动宾结构特指“动词+代词”结构。

【例4】He asked his teacher，“Sir，the water was awful. Why did you pretend to like _____？”

【解析】根據“动词+代词”结构，本空缺少代词。由于及物动词like（喜欢）后缺宾语，应填代词的宾格形式，指代前句提及的the water，应填it。

（三）介宾结构

1. 介词+名词

【例5】Different species of octopuses may measure from two inches to over thirty feet in _____（long）.

【解析】根据“介词+名词”结构，本空在介词后，缺少名词，填long的名词length。

2. 介词+代词

【例6】It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty（960～1279）was very anxious to help his rice crop grow up quickly. He was thinking about _____ day and night.

【解析】根据“介词+代词”结构，介词about后缺宾语，本空缺少代词。由句意或前后逻辑可知，应填it，指代前文中的（how）to help his crop grow up quickly。

3. 介词+动名词

【例7】After _____（take） it out of its package， he put a small frying pan onto the stoves gas burner.

【解析】根据“介词+动名词”的结构，介词after后接动词take的动名词形式，本空填taking。

二、句法结构

（一）简单句结构

1. 主语+谓语+宾语

【例8】A boy on a bike _____（catch） my attention.

【解析】根据“主语+谓语+宾语”简单句结构，本句主语为“A boy on a bike”，后接谓语动词。又因为本文时态选用一般过去时，所以填caught。

2. 主语+系动词+表语

【例9】For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt _____（please），because there were many empty seats in the room.

【解析】根据“主语+系动词+表语”简单句结构，本空缺少表语。又因为系动词felt 后接形容词作表语，所以填please的形容词pleased。

3. 固定句型结构

【例10】It took years of work _____（reduce） the industrial pollution and clean the water.

【解析】根据“It takes sb. some time to do sth.”固定句型结构，填to reduce。

（二）并列句结构

【例11】There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and _____（disappoint）.

【解析】根据“单词+and+单词”并列句的简略结构，前后单词应保持形式一致。因此，填disappoint的形容词disappointed。

（三）复杂句结构

1. 定语从句

（1）先行词+定语从句

【例12】Maybe you leave a habit _____ is driving your family crazy.

【解析】根据“先行词+限制性定语从句”结构，先行词是habit，在从句中作主语，填which / that。

（2）先行词，定语从句

【例13】Nicks guests，_____ had heard their conversation，asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could.

【解析】根据“先行词，非限制性定语从句”结构，先行词是Nicks guests，在从句中作主语，填who。

2. 名词性从句

（1）疑问词+陈述句

【例14】The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered _____ the boy would do.

【解析】根据“疑问词+陈述句”结构，本题考查宾语从句的引导词，引导宾语从句并在从句中作do的宾语，填what。

（2）that+陳述句

【例15】One day，he came up with an idea _____ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.

【解析】根据“that+陈述句”结构，本题考查同位语从句的引导词。he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches说明idea的具体内容，并且从句的结构和意义完整，填that。

3. 状语从句

【例16】We understand this lesson best _____ we receive gifts of love from children.

【解析】根据状语从句结构，本题考查时间状语从句的引导词，引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时”，填when。

三、篇章结构

（一）代词

【例17】Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk，but after some minutes _____ walked away and sat near me，looking annoyed.

【解析】根据上下文，不难推出走开并坐到“我”附近的应是他后面的那些人，即other people，指人，是复数，作主语，应填they。

（二）冠词

【例18】A young man，while traveling through a desert，came across a spring of clear water. _____ water was sweet.

【解析】根据篇章结构，本题考查冠词。前面出现过water，后面再次提到，应该填定冠词The。

（三）疑问词

【例19】Ahh，_____ a sandwich，he thought，as he sat down eating.

【解析】根据what引导的感叹句结构变式 “what+名词”以及句意可知，填what。

（责任编校？筑彭益）