杨明达等

摘要：采用盆栽试验研究了不同氮肥基追比对冬小麦群体特征、水分利用效率及产量的影响。共设置4种氮肥处理，分别为CK（基肥∶追肥=10∶0）、N1（基追比为7∶3）、N2（基追比为5∶5）和N3（基追比为3∶7）。结果表明，合理追施氮肥可以提高冬小麦的有效茎数和分蘖成穂率，并能显著提高冬小麦花后叶面积，从而改善冬小麦的群体结构。增加基施氮量可以显著提高冬小麦的千粒重；随着追氮比例的增加，冬小麦的水分利用效率和产量均呈先增加后降低的趋势，过高的追氮比例不利于冬小麦水分利用效率和产量的提高。综合考虑产量和水分利用效率等因素，在本试验条件下，N1处理冬小麦群体结构较好，耗水量最少，水分利用效率最高，产量较高，为最合理的氮肥运筹模式。

关键词：冬小麦；氮肥基追比例；群体特征；产量；水分利用效率

中图分类号：S512.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：0439-8114（2015）12-2853-05

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.12.011

Effects of Different Nitrogen Ratio of Basal Fertilizer and Topdressing on Population Characteristics，Water Use Efficiency and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat

YANG Ming-da1，MA Shou-chen2，YANG Shen-jiao3，LI Chun-xi1，ZHANG Su-yu4，MA Shou-tian1，WANG Duo-duo1

（1.College of Life Sciences，Henan Normal University，Xinxiang 453007，Henan，China；2.School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering， Henan Polytechnic University，Jiaozuo 454000，Henan，China；3. Farmland Irrigation Research Institute，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Xinxiang 453003，Henan，China；4.College of Agriculture，Henan Agricultural University，Zhengzhou 450002，China）

Abstract： A pot experiment was conducted to study effect of different nitrogen ratio of basa and topdressing on population characteristics，water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat.Plants were subjected to 4 N treatments，CK（basal∶topdressing=10∶0），N1（basal∶topdressing=7∶3），N2（basal∶topdressing=5∶5） and N3（basal∶topdressing=3∶7）.The results showed that topdressing nitrogen reasonable could improve valid number of stem and spike rate of winter wheat，and improve post-anthesis leaf area of winter wheat significantly， thereby improving population structure of winter wheat. Increased the rate of basal nitrogen could improve 1 000-grain weight of winter wheat significantly；grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat increased first and then decreased with increasing the ratio of topdressing nitrogen，too high ratio of topdressing nitrogen was not conducive to improve water use efficiency and yield of winter wheat. Considering grain yield and water used efficiency and other factors，under the conditions of our experiment，the N1 treament obtained the better population structure，the least water consumption，the highest water used efficiency，the higher yield， for the most reasonable N Management Modes.

Key words： winter wheat； basal/topdressing nitrogen ratio； population characteristics； grain yield； water used efficiency

适宜的群体数量和良好的群体质量是提高作物产量的重要基础[1]，而合理施氮是改善小麦群体质量的重要途径。群体调控对小麦群体叶面积指数、单位面积穂数和产量均有重要影响[2]。研究表明，提高开花至成熟期干物质积累量和成熟期生物产量，获得最适的群体叶面积指数，在适宜穂数范围内提高成穂率，是实现小麦高产的关键[3]。氮素是植物体内蛋白质、核酸、叶绿素和一些激素等的重要组成部分，是限制植物生长和产量形成的首要因素，因此，氮素的合理运筹是进一步提高小麦产量的重要技术措施之一[4]。……