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新目标英语九年级重点句讲解(Units 1~3)

2008-09-28刘世一

中学英语园地·教学指导版 2008年8期
关键词:及物动词主句代词

刘世一

Unit 1

1. I study by working with a group. (P1) 我通过小组练习学习。

by + V-ing构成的短语可作行为方式状语。by后面可以接动词的-ing形式,也可以接名词。例如:

He teaches himself the violin by practising the whole night. 他通过整夜的练习自学小提琴。

I knew by his appearance that he was not English. 看他的外表,我就知道他不是英国人。

2. Its too hard to understand the voices. (P3) 很难听懂其发音。

句中的it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。“too ... to ...”结构中的动词不定式含否定意义,意为“太……以致不……”。其中的too是副词,用来修饰形容词,to是动词不定符号。例如:

The boy is too young to understand the story. 这孩子年龄太小,不能理解这个故事。

在使用这个结构时应注意两点:(1) 句中的主语与动词不定式在逻辑上是动宾关系时,动词不定式后面不能再跟宾语; (2) 句中的主语与动词不定式在逻辑上是动宾关系,而动词不定式又是不及物动词时,要在其后加上适当的介词。例如:

Tom spoke too quickly for us to understand. 汤姆说话太快了,我们听不懂。

The house is too small for the family to live in. 房子太小,那一家人住不下。

3. We get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese. (P4) 当我们谈论某事而变得激动时,最后就用汉语来讲述了。

(1) get excited about意为“对……感到兴奋”。介词about后面通常接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。例如:

The boys got excited about going to Shanghai. 男孩们对去上海感到很兴奋。

The students are excited about the results of the exams. 学生们对考试成绩感到非常兴奋。

(2) end up sth/doing sth意为“结果为……”,“以……结束”,通常指意料之外的结果。例如:

He ended up in prison. 他最终锒铛入狱。

They were going shopping,but ended up staying at home and watching TV. 他们原计划去买东西,但结果却是呆在家里看电视。

4. I dont know how to use commas. (P5) 我不知道该怎么使用逗号。

句中how to use commas属“连接代词/副词 + 动词不定式”结构,作宾语用,动词不定式的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。在中考中,命题人往往要求考生将其与宾语从句进行转换。例如:

Jim told Lin Tao how he would spend the day. → Jim told Lin Tao how to spend the day. 吉姆告诉林涛他是怎样度过这一天的。

The students should know what to do or what not to do in school. 学生们应该知道在学校里应该做什么,不应该做什么。

在使用这一结构时需要注意两点:

(1) 在这一结构中,如果连接代词what,which,whom是作其后动词不定式的宾语,则这个动词应该是及物动词。如果动词不定式是不及物的,则需在其后加上适当的介词。例如:

I dont know what to say. 我不知该说什么。

He wants to know whom to work with. 他想知道将和谁在一起干工作。

(2) 这一结构中用的是连接副词when,where,how,而且它们作其后动词不定式的状语时,这个动词应为不及物动词。若不定式是及物动词,则该动词须有自己的宾语。例如:

I dont know when to start. 我不知道何时出发。

Do you know how to do the exercise?你知道怎样做这个练习吗?

5. I dont have a partner to practice English with. (P5) 我没有练习英语的同伴。

句中的to practice English with作定语用。使用这种定语时,应注意下面两点:

(1) 被修饰的词与动词不定式在意义上是动宾关系,并且动词不定式是“动词 + 介词”这类短语动词时,其中的介词不能去掉。例如:

Mr Johnson was a difficult person to wait on. 约翰逊先生是一个很难侍候的人。

(2) 修饰的词与动词不定式在意义上是动状关系,而且动词不定式是个不及物动词时,应在不定式后面加一个适当的介词。例如:

Its getting dark. We have to find a hotel to live in. 天快黑了,我们得找个旅馆住下。

6. First of all,it wasnt easy for me to understand the teacher when she talked to the class. (P6) 老师起初和同学们交谈时,我不容易听得懂。

这是“it + be + adj. + to do sth”结构。it是形式主语,意思上代替后面的真正主语for me to understand the teacher。如果动词不定式需要有自己的逻辑主语,可以用以下两种方法表示:

(1) 如果句中的形容词通常用来表示事物的性状或特征,则用for引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。常见的这类形容词有difficult,hard,easy,heavy,dangerous,expensive,useful,impossible等。例如:

Its common for leaves to fall from the trees in autumn. 秋天树叶从树上落下是常事。

(2) 如果句中的形容词通常用来表示人的行为或品德,则用of引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。常见的这类形容词有honest,wise,clever,brave,foolish,kind,good,careful,stupid,silly,nice,right,wrong,polite,rude等。例如:

It was careless of him to leave the door unlocked. 他没有把门锁上,实在是太粗心了。

7. She had trouble making complete sentences. (P6) 她在造完整的句子时有些困难。

“have + n. + (in) doing ...”意为“做……有……”,have后面常是fun,difficulty,trouble,problems等名词。介词in指“在某一方面”,常可以省略。例如:

The students had trouble (in) climbing the hill. 学生们爬山时遇到了一些困难。

We had some problems getting to the top of the mountain. 我们费了些劲才到达山顶。

8. As young adults,it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teachers. (P8) 作为年轻人,在老师的帮助下尽力处理好教育方面面临的每一个挑战是我们的责任。

(1) 短语As young adults中的as是介词,意为“作为……(某种身份),当做,视为”。例如:

As a student,you must obey the rules of the school. 作为学生,你必须遵守学校的规章制度。

(2) try ones best to do sth相当于do ones best to do sth,意为“尽力做某事”; deal with sth意为“处理某事”; with the help of相当于with ones help,意为“在……帮助下”。例如:

Ill try/do my best to improve my pronunciation. 我将尽全力改进我的发音。

How would you deal with an armed burglar?遇到持有武器的盗贼,你将如何对付呢?

I worked out the problem with the help of my classmates. (= I worked out the problem with my classmates help.) 在同学们的帮助下我做出了这道难题。

Unit 2

1. I used to be afraid of the dark. (P10) 过去我怕黑暗。

used to是情态动词,表示过去的习惯动作或过去存在的情况,to是动词不定式符号,后面跟动词原形。例如:

We used to work in the same workshop. 我们曾在同一个车间工作过。

注意:be/get used to doing sth意为“习惯于做某事”,其中的to为介词,后面跟名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。例如:

He is used to reading English in the morning. 他习惯在早上读英语。

2. Did you use to play the piano?(P11) 你过去常常弹钢琴吗?

这是“used to + 动词原形”的疑问形式。其疑问式和否定式可以用助动词did,也可以直接用used构成。例如:

Did it use to rain here in summer?(= Used it to rain here in summer?) 这儿以前夏季时常下雨吗?

We did not use to see each other. (= We usednt to see each other.) 我们以前不常见面。

3. Im terrified of the dark. (P12) 我非常害怕黑夜。

terrified是动词terrify的过去分词,在句中相当于形容词,含有very afraid的意思。be terrified of ... 意为“对……非常害怕”; be terrified at意为“因……而害怕、惊恐”。例如:

Some children were terrified of a long roll of thunder. 有些小孩子害怕轰轰隆隆的雷声。

The child was terrified of being left alone in the house. 那孩子害怕把他一个人留在家里。

She was terrified at the deafening explosion. 她被那震耳欲聋的爆炸声吓了一跳。

4. I go to sleep with my bedroom light on. (P12) 我睡觉时卧室里的灯亮着。

句中with my bedroom light on是复合结构,在句中作状语,表示伴随情况。由with构成的复合结构中,第一部分是介词with的宾语,由名词或代词充当,第二部分是宾语补足语,由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当。该结构一般在句中用作状语,表示行为方式,伴随情况、时间、原因或条件。例如:

We can see a big house with trees around it. 我们看见一栋高大的房子,四周树木环绕。

He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut. 他躺在床上睡觉,寝室的门关着。

With the meal over,we all went home. 吃过饭我们都回家了。

With the boy to lead the way,we will find the house easily tomorrow. 有那个男孩带路,明天我们会很容易地找到那幢房子的。

5. My life has changed a lot in the last few years. (P14) 在过去的几年里,我的生活改变了许多。

in the last few weeks/months/years意为“在过去的几周/月/年里”,常与现在完成时连用。“in the past + 时间段”也有这种用法,意思相同。例如:

I have made great progress in the last few weeks. 在过去的几周里,我进步很快。

Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years. 在过去几年里我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。

6. It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot. (P15) 于梅好像变了许多。

本句为“it seems that ...”结构。seem意为“好像、似乎、看来”,用来表示根据某种迹象作出的判断,这种判断往往接近于事实。例如:

It seemed that he had missed the train. 看来他没搭上火车。

It seems that he is happy today. 今天他似乎很高兴。

“it seems that ...”往往可转换为“sb seems to do sth”。例如:

It seems that he understands the meaning of the word. (= He seems to understand the meaning of the word.) 他似乎理解了这个单词的意思。

It seems that she is sleeping. (= She seems to be sleeping.) 她好像在睡觉。

7. His mother looked after him as well as she could. (P16) 他的妈妈尽可能把他照顾好。

as ... as sb can/could意为“尽可能地……”,在句中作状语。与此意义相同的表达方式为as ... as possible。例如:

Maria is studying Chinese as hard as she can. (= Maria is studying Chinese as hard as possible.) 玛丽亚正在尽可能地努力学习汉语。

8. She also told me that even though my father was no longer with us,he was watching me,and would always take pride in everything good I do. (P16) 她还告诉我即使我的父亲不再和我们在一起,他也会一直关照我,总会为我所取得的成绩感到自豪。

(1) 这是一个较复杂的主从复合句。She also told me是主句,that引导的从句是tell的直接宾语;宾语从句中的主句为he was watching me,and would always take pride in everything good; even though引导的是让步状语从句,用来修饰宾语从句中主句的谓语动词was watching和take pride in; I do是定语从句,其前省略了关系代词that,用来修饰everything。

(2) even though意为“即使,纵然,尽管”,用作从属连词,引导让步状语从句。与even if同义。例如:

Even though/if he is no longer living,his spirit lives on today. 尽管他已不在人世,但他的精神却至今还在。

(3) take pride in ... 意为“为……感到骄傲”,与be proud of同义。例如:

We take pride in our responsibilities as teachers in new China. (= We are proud of our responsibilities as teachers in new China.) 作为新中国的教师,我们为我们的职责感到骄傲。

(4) 在“everything good I do”中,good和I do都修饰everything。形容词修饰everything,something或anything等不定代词时,往往将形容词后置。例如:

Danny is interested in everything unusual. 丹尼对所有的不寻常的事情都感兴趣。

Unit 3

1. I dont think fifteen-year-olds should be allowed to drive. (P18) 我认为不应该允许15岁的孩子开车。

think,believe,suppose,consider等动词表示“认为”、“相信”、“设想”等含义,且宾语从句中含否定词义时,常将从句中的否定词转移到这些动词之前。这种复合句形式上是对主句的谓语动词加以否定,但在意义上仍然是否定从句。例如:

I dont think that their team is likely to win the match. 我认为他们的球队不可能赢得比赛。

I dont believe that it will rain tomorrow. 我相信明天不会下雨。

应该注意,在这类反意疑问句中,附加问句应为肯定形式,其中主语和谓语也应与从句中的主语和谓语保持一致。例如:

I dont think youve met Xiao Wang,have you?我想你没有碰见小王,对吗?

另外,think后面的从句中含有no,never,nothing,nobody等否定词时,就不要再将这些否定词转移到主句的谓语动词上。例如:

I think nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it. 我认为世上无难事,只怕有心人。

2. Anna wants to get her ears pierced. (P18) 安娜想穿耳孔。

get my ears pierced属于get sth done结构,表示要别人为自己做某事。与其同义的结构有have sth done。例如:

I must get my hair cut. 我该找人理理发了。

You ought to get your watch repaired. 你该把表送去修理了。

3. They talk instead of doing homework. (P19) 他们光说话而不做作业。

instead of意为“代替”、“而不”,后面接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。例如:

He will go to the meeting instead of me. 他将代替我去开会。

She went to school instead of staying at home. 她没有呆在家里而是上学去了。

instead of也可用来连接两个语法上对等的成分。例如:

The situation is better instead of worse. 形势是更好了,而不是更坏了。

They went there on foot instead of by bus. 他们没有乘公共汽车而是步行到那里去的。

4. —We have a lot of rules at my house. 我们家里立有许多规矩。

—So do we. (P20) 我们也是。

“So + 助动词/be动词/情态动词 + 主语”应译为“某人(物)也如此”,意即前一句所说的情况,同样也适合于另一个人或物。在使用这一句式时,要注意助动词或系动词的选用,以及在时态上与前句相呼应。例如:

—Ive got a new car. 我有一辆新车。

—So has John. 约翰也有。

5. Some students should be allowed to have Friday afternoons off to volunteer and help others. (P23) 应当允许部分学生星期五下午放假,去做义工帮助他人。

have ... off意为“放……假”,其中的have可以用take替换,off表示“不上班、不值班、不工作”的意思。例如:

Ive got three days off next week. 下星期我有三天假。

The manager gave the staff a day off. 经理给员工放一天假。

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