中图分类号：TB34；TH140 DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2025.04.008

Study on Lubricating Performances and Mechanism of Nano-carbon Balls Cutting Fluids

SUN Hao¹ LAN Qixin² YAO Bin^2* LU Jingjing1 ZHANG Jinhui² PAN Zhirong² ZHAO Kexin² 1.AECC Harbin Dongan Engine Co.，Ltd.，Harbin，150060 2.School of Aerospace Engineering，Xiamen University，Xiamen，Fujian，361005

Abstract： Nano-carbon balls cutting fluid was applied to the cutting processes of difficult-to-machine aerospace gear steels （15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2W） ，and the lubrication enhancement effects of nanocarbon particles on the cutting fluid were investigated.Firstly，a cutting force model for metal cutting was established to analyze the relationship between cutting lubrication and cutting forces. Furthermore，through combined friction-wear tests and milling experiments，the lubrication performance of nano-carbon balls cutting fluid was evaluated in terms of friction coefficient，wear volume，friction surface quality，and cuting forces. Compared with the base cuting fluid，when the mass fraction of nano-carbon is reached 0.02% ，the milling forces for the gear steels are decreased by over 10% ，and surface roughness is reduced by more than 15% . Experimental observations reveal that nano-carbon particles on the friction contact surfaces preferentially are adsorbed onto micro-peak regions with higher surface free energy，forming a nano-carbon adsorption film.Lubrication mechanism analysis indicates that this adsorption film may exert a friction-reducing“micro-bearing” effects.

Key words： nano-carbon ball;cutting fluid; lubrication mechanism； miling; difficult-to-cut gear steel

0 引言

难加工金属材料的切削存在切削力大、切削温度高、刀具磨损/破损严重等问题，使得切削质量较难控制。切削润滑是该类材料切削加工的技术瓶颈之一。研究高性能切削液的润滑特性与机理，对提升难加工金属材料的切削润滑技术具有重要意义。

目前，纳米切削液得到了越来越多研究者的关注，他们探究了各种纳米粒子作为切削液添加剂所能起到的减摩润滑作用。CETIN等[1]研究发现，在304奥氏体不锈钢切削中，纳米银添加剂使工件粗糙度减小了 15% 左右；SHARMA等[2]的研究工作证实，随着氧化铝/石墨烯混合纳米颗粒浓度的增大，切削刀具磨损减少，摩擦因数减小；HEGAB等[3]研究指出，多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）和纳米氧化铝 （Al₂O₃ ）两种纳米切削液能够使刀具磨损显著减少。碳纳米颗粒具有多种同素异构体，不同异构体具有不同的三维结构和属性，它们都被运用到润滑研究中。关集俱等[4]研究表明，相比于普通乳化液，多壁碳纳米管/油酸复合物纳米流体使GCr15钢的车削力减小了 15% ，工件表面粗糙度减小了 16% ，刀具耐用度提高了 22% ；姚斌等[5]研究发现，石墨烯悬浮切削液能明显减小硬质合金与45钢之间的摩擦因数。碳60（C60）独特的球形结构使其具有很好的抗压性，显微硬度高达 18GPa ，热稳定性好，并且C60晶体的硬度随压力增大而增大。LI等[6使用分子动力学模拟方法探究了碳基纳米颗粒流体的摩擦学性能，分析了C60独特的减摩机理；YAO等[使用四球式摩擦试验机研究了洋葱状富勒烯的摩擦性能，并发现洋葱状富勒烯作为润滑液添加剂具有良好的减摩性能;PAN等[8]将碳纳米水基切削液和微量润滑用于钛合金铣削加工中，使最大铣削力减小了 16% 以上。……