迪皮卡·拉古，凯瑟琳·德·沃尔夫

在发展中国家迅速崛起的过程中，建筑和建材废料都呈指数级增长，原来线性的建材废料管理体系必须向循环利用的体系转变。在印度，从事建材回收再利用的企业虽然主要是未正式注册的地方性企业，但它们为国家的经济增长做出了巨大贡献。本文研究了孟买和班加罗尔的建材回收行业涉及的利益相关方和回收流程，重点关注这两座城市目前的建材资源采购和贸易模式。

通过大量的包括实地考察和访谈在内的田野调查，我们发现印度存在一个高度网络化的非正式的建材回收体系。在孟买的达拉维地区，有超过 250,000 名工人从事建材回收再利用行业，拾荒者每天能收集 60～90kg 的废料。班加罗尔的该行业规模相对较小，但情况也很类似，从业者大约有11,000 人。他们的工作带来了巨大的经济效益，木材、聚氯乙烯管、玻璃和铁杆等常见可回收材料的价格较低就说明了这一点。尽管非正式部门的物流和工作环节排放的温室气体明显少于正式部门，但由于数据收集不完善，非正式部门的存在究竟减少了多少碳排放仍然难以准确计算。为了充分挖掘非正式回收供应链的碳减排效益，政府、政策制定者和研究人员必须开发针对具体材料的碳排放影响因子和方法论，从而对这些非正式体系中建材产生的碳排放进行生命周期分析。

本研究的一个重要发现是，建立帮助人们共享技能和搭建职业网络的在线平台等数字化手段，可以有效促进建材回收再利用行业的发展，形成一个更加包容、高效的生态系统。然而，这一行业的从业者往往面临许多挑战，包括污名化、危险的工作条件以及法律和社会保障的缺乏。此外，较低的工作报酬和广泛的社会阻力等因素也对这些非正式体系构成了威胁，让它们失去了一些能够培养行业长期价值的重要机会。

因此，本文呼吁形成有组织的支持行动和公共政策，以增强非正式的建材回收再利用体系的有效性。政策制定者应该将这些体系纳入正式的建材废料管理办法之中，确保从业者在法律保护、金融普惠、工作培训等方面得到支持。未来，本研究将扩展到其他国家，例如在南非，非正式的“影子供应链”在建材回收中发挥着重要作用。与非正式部门中的这些“气候企业家”合作，有助于推动社会向循环经济转型，让更多人有尊严地工作，并践行全球可持续发展的关键目标。

1-6 在非正式的建筑回收再利用体系中收集的不同类型的再生材料 Different types of reclaimed materials collected in the informal reuse ecosystems

As developing countries progress,the exponential increase in construction and demolition waste necessitates a shift from linear to circular waste management systems.India's material reuse and recycling businesses are primarily unregistered and locally run yet they contribute significantly to the country's economic growth.This paper examines the stakeholders and processes involved in the reuse of construction elements in Mumbai and Bangalore,focusing on their current models of resource procurement and trade.

Extensive fieldwork,including site visits and interviews,shows that a strongly networked informal material reuse ecosystem exists in India.In Mumbai's Dharavi,over 250,000 workers are employed in the reuse and recycling industry,with waste pickers collecting 60～90kg of waste daily.Bangalore's smaller industry,employing about 11,000 workers,demonstrates a similar pattern.These practices offer significant economic benefits,as seen in the lower prices for commonly reused materials such as wood,PVC pipes,glass,and iron rods.Although the informal reuse sector's logistics and processes emit significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions than those of formal sector practices,exact calculations of the sector's emissions reductions remain elusive due to poor data collection.To fully realise the carbon benefits of these supply chains,it is essential for governments,policymakers,and researchers to develop material-specific emissions factors and methodologies for conducting life cycle analyses of emissions originating from waste in such informal ecosystems.

The study highlights that digitalisation can enhance the sector by offering online platforms for sharing skills and building professional networks,leading to a more inclusive and efficient ecosystem.However,workers in this sector face challenges including stigmatisation,hazardous working conditions,and a lack of legal and social security.The absence of adequate compensation,along with widespread resistance,poses a threat to informal ecosystems,depriving them of crucial opportunities to foster long-term value.

Thus,the paper advocates for organised support and public policies to enhance the informal reuse ecosystem's effectiveness.Policymakers are encouraged to integrate these systems into formal waste management strategies,ensuring legal protection,financial inclusion,and training for workers.In future steps,this research will be extended to other countries,including South Africa,where informal shadow supply chains play a significant role in material reuse.Engaging with these "climate entrepreneurs" in the informal sector can help transition towards a circular economy and contribute to dignified livelihoods,aligning with key global sustainability objectives.