四大南药之一阳春砂栽培研究进展
2022-06-07赵宏友王延谦王艳芳杨得坡何国振彭建明张丽霞
赵宏友 王延谦 王艳芳 杨得坡 何国振 彭建明 张丽霞



摘要 阳春砂是我国传统四大南药之一,近年生产中出现种质退化、病虫害加剧、产量剧减、品质差质不齐等问题,制约了砂仁药材生产的稳定输出。本研究对影响阳春砂产量和品质的主要因素:产地、种质、栽培(育苗、种植模式、荫蔽度、水肥、传粉昆虫、病虫害等)、采收及初加工等进行综述,并提出今后在产量和品质提升方面的一些研究建议,为阳春砂高效栽培和产业可持续发展提供了依据。
关键词 南药;阳春砂;种质;栽培;水肥;病虫害;加工;研究进展
Research Progress on Cultivation of Amomum villosum Lour.:Original Plant of the Southern Famous Medicinal Fructus Amomi Villosi
ZHAO Hongyou1,2,WANG Yanqiang2,WANG Yanfang2,YANG Depo3,HE Guozhen4,PENG Jianming2,ZHANG Lixia2
(1 College of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine,Kunming 650500,China; 2 Yunnan Branch,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Peking Union Medical College,Jinghong 666100,China; 3 Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510275,China; 4 College of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510006,China)
Abstract Amomum villosum Lour.,the original plant of the famous medicinal Fructus Amomi Villosi in south China,has suffered from germplasm degradation,severe pests and diseases,sharp decline in yield,and poor quality in recent years,limiting the production of Fructus Amomi Villosi.This paper reviewed the factors affecting the yield and quality of A.villosum:origin,germplasm,cultivation(seedling breeding,planting pattern,shading,water and fertilizer,pollinators,pests,etc.),harvesting,and primary processing.Then,we put forward suggestions for improving the yield and quality,hoping to provide a reference for efficient cultivation of A.villosum and sustainable development of Fructus Amomi Villosi.
Keywords Southern medicinal; Amomum villosum Lour.; Germplasm; Cultivation; Water and fertilizer; Diseases and insect pests; Processing; Research progress
中图分类号:R282文献标识码:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2022.08.023
砂仁为我国常用大宗中药材、传统四大南药之一、药食两用商品,历版药典收载砂仁来源于姜科豆蔻属多年生草本植物阳春砂Amomum villosum Lour.、绿壳砂A.villosum Lour.var xanthioides T.L.Wu et Senjen和海南砂A.longiligulare T.L.Wu的干燥成熟果实[1],其中以阳春砂品质最优。目前市场上销售的砂仁主要有国产和进口兩类,其中国产者以阳春砂为主,主产于广东、云南、广西和福建,均为栽培品;进口砂仁主要为绿壳砂,主产于越南、缅甸、老挝、泰国、印尼等东南亚国家,我国云南西双版纳、临沧、文山等地亦有分布,多为野生来源。
阳春砂原产广东省阳春及周边地区,云南、广西、福建等地于20世纪60年代后相继引种,经50余年的推广栽培,各产区生产中因种植环境的变化、种质退化、病虫害等问题导致产量剧减,亟待开展产业化栽培提升关键技术研究。根据对中国知网数据库检索,近10年内有学者对阳春砂生殖特性[2-5],化学、药理及临床运用,药材鉴别等研究进展情况进行了报道[6-13],未见有关于阳春砂栽培方面的综述。……
