英语写作略谈:细心阅读文本,精准把握词义
2022-03-31徐海铭
徐海铭
摘 要:本文通過例证略述掌握英语词汇需要通过阅读大量经典文本,学习作家如何使用短小地道的盎格鲁-撒克逊英语词语,在具体语境中细心体会词语的语义、音响效果和文体特色,分辨近义词语之间语义的微妙差别,在日常写作中悉心推敲、恰当使用,做到驾驭自如。
关键词:经典文本;词语;语义;语境
我们在《选料、锻造、定型、上泽:英语写作略谈》一文*中论及了作者选择词汇的音响效果标准,还谈到了通过结构性的特别安排或置放实现写作意图。现在,我们就词汇选择这一话题再深入谈一谈平时在阅读英语文本过程中该如何从词汇使用角度去理解文本。
先看下面一段选自英国小说家Charles Dickens的《雾都孤儿》(Oliver Twist)中描写伦敦一条叫作Smithfield 的大街早上喧闹、气味和各种情状的片段:
It was market morning. The ground was covered, nearly ankle-deep, with filth and mire; a thick steam, perceptually rising from the reeking bodies of the cattle, and mingling with the fog, which seemed to rest upon the chimney-tops, hung heavily above. All the pens in the center of the large area, and as many temporary pens as could be crowded into the vacant space, were filled with sheep; tied up to posts by the gutter side were long lines of beasts and oxen, three or four deep. Countrymen, butchers, drovers, hawkers, boys, thieves, idlers, and vagabonds of every low grade, were mingled together in a mass; the whistling of drovers, the barking of dogs, the bellowing and plunging of oxen, the bleating of sheep, the grunting and squeaking of pigs, the cries of hawkers, the shouts, oaths, and quarrelling on all sides; the ringing of bells and roar of voices, that issued from every public-house; the crowing, pushing, driving, beating, whooping, and yelling; the hideous and discordant din that resounded from every corner of the market; and the unwashed, unshaven, squalid, and dirty figures constantly running to and fro, and bursting in and out of the throng; rendered it a stunning and bewildering scene, which quite confounded the senses.
用狄更斯小说中的话来说,这里出现了“一派嘈杂声组成的喧闹”(a tumult of discordant sounds),让主人公Oliver Twist感到惊愕、惶惑。作家的目光也在不断变换移动,从高处的大街到地面的宽阔地带,从大街的浅处到深处(three or four deep,即三到四列横队),从牲口到人,从气味到物质,从赶牲口的人的吆喝到牲口的不同叫声,从嘈杂的人群到他们的各种拥挤(crowding)、推搡(pushing)、驱逐(driving)、拍打(beating)、高呼(whooping)、吼叫(yelling),真够闹腾,让人惊诧(stunning)、疑虑(bewildering)、惶惑(confound)。这里,狄更斯使用了不同的词语精准描摹牲畜的声音和牲畜贩子(drover)的叫呼,如whistling(打唿哨声)、barking(狂吠声)、bellowing(低嚎)、plunging(猛冲向)、bleating(咩咩的羊叫声)、grunting(猪的嘟哝叫声)、squeaking(短促尖利的吱吱叫声)、oaths(发誓咒骂声)、roar(咆哮声)。众声喧哗,人畜混杂,好一个喧嚣集市的早晨!……
