裴强强　 陈嘉睿　武海超　郭青林　赵国靖　杨善龙　王旭东

內容摘要：《营造法式》是北宋颁行的一部侧重于营造技法与工料估算的法规性建筑营造技术典籍，其中有关墙体建造工艺、结构特征和营造制度的描述内容丰富。本研究基于传统夯筑工艺技术调查与试验研究分析，通过对《营造法式》卷三“筑基、城、墙”文献的解读，结合不同等级城址和墙体考证，将宋尺换算为现代尺度基础上，揭示了筑城、筑墙和筑基遵循的不同等级模数制度和夯土结构特征的科学性，阐释了夯土结构中永定柱、夜叉木木楔和葽等加筋制度，以及传统夯筑工艺延续千年的科学内涵，为夯土遗址保护与现代绿色建筑建造提供科学依据。

关键词：营造法式;筑基;筑城;筑墙;模数

中图分类号：K928.71;K854.3  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）05-0145-14

A Preliminary Study on the Principles for Building Foundations，

Cities and Walls in Yingzao Fashi

PEI Qiangqiang1，2，3，5 Cheng Jiarui1，2，5 Wu Haichao1，3，5 GUO Qinglin1，3，4 ZHAO Guojing1，3，5

YANG Shanlong1，3 WANG Xudong3，4

（1. Dunhuang Academy， Dunhuang， Gansu736200;

2. School of Design Art， Lanzhou University of Technology， Lanzhou， Gansu730050;

3. National Technological Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Heritage Sites，

Dunhuang， Gansu736200;

4. School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics， Lanzhou University， Lanzhou， Gansu730000;

5. Cultural Heritage Conservation Design and Consultation Co.， Ltd. of Gansu Mogao Grottoes， Dunhuang， Gansu736200）

Abstract：Yingzao Fashi （“Standards for State Construction”） is a manual that was published and put into practice during the Northern Song dynasty on the regulations for construction that focuses on building techniques and the standards for building materials. The text contains rich information about wall building techniques， the structural features of buildings， and rules for construction. Based on an investigation of traditional earth tamping technology and analysis of research experiments， this chapter interprets the text in chapter three， “Building Foundations， Cities， and Walls.” In combination with textual research on the various grades of different wall types， and by converting the scale of measurement used during the Song dynasty to the modern system， a modular system and model of earth tamping for the various grades used in building cities， walls， and foundations has been obtained. In addition， the results of this research include an explication of earth tamping reinforcement systems such as the “yongding column” and“yechawood.” Finally， the researchers provide an analysis of the scientific basis of traditional ramming technology that allowed the building techniques in the Yingzao Fashi to remain useful for over a thousand years， in the hope that they may provide scientific vidence for the conservation of rammed earth sites and the construction of modern climate-friendly buildings.

Keywords：Yingzao Fashi; building foundation; building cities; building walls; modules

引 言

从原始社会开始，人类逐渐从森林到山洞，从山洞到穴居，直至地上建筑的逐渐发展，从未离开过土，伴随着人类对土的认知和夯筑工艺技术的掌握，各式土工建筑在中华大地应运而生[1][2][3]。在人类进步的进程中，受礼制思想的影响，建筑营造中逐渐也形成了以实物度量空间尺度的比例关系，早在商周时期《考工记》记载“周人明堂，度九尺之筵，东西九筵，南北七筵，堂崇一筵[4]”。其“筵”是以物为丈量单位的佐证[5]。“匠人营国，方九里，旁三门，国中九经九纬，经涂九轨，左祖右社，面朝后市，市朝一夫。”[4]，清晰的阐释了城址营造遵循的尺度关系。中国古代建筑不论是单体建筑、还是群体建筑均受一定比例关系的约束，即“模数”制度用材用工的控制[6]。……