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抗结核治疗常见药源性疾病的预防与处理

2021-11-18陈春燕

上海医药 2021年21期

陈春燕

摘 要 结核病为全球性流行病,其治疗过程比较漫长,易发生药源性疾病,导致治疗方案改变或需延长治疗时间,严重的甚至可导致患者死亡,是抗结核治疗必须面对的挑战。本文介绍抗结核治疗的常见药源性疾病及其预防措施和处理方法,为抗结核药物的临床安全、合理用药提供参考。

关键词 抗结核药物 药源性疾病 药物性肝损害

中图分类号:R978.3; R969.3 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2021)21-0019-05

Prevention and management of common drug-induced diseases in the treatment of antituberculosis

CHEN Chunyan

(Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai 201508, China)

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis is a global pandemic, its treatment process is relatively long and drug-induced diseases are more likely to occur in the treatment process, which may lead to the change or continuation of treatment regimens, or even the death of patients in severe cases. This severely limits the application of antituberculosis drugs and brings great challenges to the treatment of tuberculosis. This paper summarizes the common drug-induced diseases caused by antituberculosis drugs, and discusses their preventive measures and treatment methods, in order to provide relevant scientific basis for the clinical safety and the rational use of antituberculosis drugs.

KEy wORDS antituberculosis drugs; drug-induced diseases; drug-induced liver injury

结核病是全球性流行病,约35%的结核病患者集中在东南亚地区。根据WHO《2020年全球结核病报告》[1],2019年全球约有996万新发结核病患者,死于结核病的患者数约为141万人。新发结核病患者主要分布在发展中国家,包括中国。中国新发肺结核患者数为83.3万人,发病率达130/10万。由此可见,有效治疗结核病,控制结核病扩散,已成为全球亟待解决的重大公共卫生问题。而随着抗结核药物品种及其临床应用的不断增加,其治疗导致的药源性疾病发生率也逐年升高,尤以药物性肝损害最為常见,且多见于一线抗结核药物治疗。患者在接受抗结核治疗过程中,一旦发生黄疸型肝炎,暴发性肝衰竭和死亡的风险很高。因此,必须重视抗结核治疗的药源性疾病问题,有效预防并及早处理极为重要。

1 抗结核药物及其治疗方案

抗结核药物可分为两大类,一类对结核杆菌有杀灭作用,代表性药物包括利福平、异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺、链霉素、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、环丙沙星等;另一类则仅对结核杆菌有抑制作用,如乙胺丁醇、对氨基水杨酸等。……

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