细胞外囊泡在肿瘤复发和转移中作用的研究进展
2021-11-18何静怡王富博侯建全
何静怡 王富博 侯建全
摘 要 细胞外囊泡中包含着由细胞分泌的各种生物分子,其具有脂质双层封闭结构,作为一种细胞间的通信介质,能将生物活性分子转移到受体细胞,导致遗传信息交换和受体细胞重编程,参与多种生理和病理过程。肿瘤细胞能分泌过量的细胞外囊泡,传递致癌蛋白和核酸组分到靶细胞,进而诱导正常细胞癌变,促进新生血管形成,提高肿瘤细胞的迁徙和侵袭能力等;也能与包括免疫细胞和基质细胞在内的肿瘤微环境中的其他细胞进行多方面的相互作用,协助肿瘤细胞逃避免疫监视,促进肿瘤细胞生态位的形成,影响肿瘤的发生、进展和转移。本文概要介绍细胞外囊泡在肿瘤复发和转移中作用的研究进展。
关键词 细胞外囊泡 肿瘤转移 免疫抑制 肿瘤微环境
中图分类号:R73-37 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2021)21-0062-05
Research advances on the role of extracellular vesicles in tumor recurrence and metastasis
HE Jingyi1, WANG Fubo2, HOU Jianquan1
[1. Department of Urology, the First Hospital affiliated to Suzhou University, Suzhou 215006, China; 2. Department of Urology, the First Hospital affiliated to Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai 200433, China]
ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have a lipid bilayer closed structure containing various biological molecules secreted by cells. As a medium of intercellular communication, EVs can transfer bioactive molecules to recipient cells, leading the exchange of genetic information and reprogramming of recipient cells and participating in various physiological and pathological processes. Tumor cells can secrete excessive EVs and deliver carcinogenic proteins and nucleic acid components to the target cells, thereby inducing normal cell to become carcinogenesis, promoting angiogenesis, improving the capabilities of tumor cell migration and invasion and so on. EVs can also interact with other cells in tumor microenvironment, including immune cells and stromal cells, to assist tumor in evading immune surveillance, promote the formation of tumor niche and affect the tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis. This paper reviews the research advances on the role of EVs in tumor recurrence and metastasis.
KEy wORDS extracellular vesicles; tumor metastasis; immunosuppression; tumor microenvironment
細胞外囊泡首先是作为存在于健康人血浆中的具有促凝作用的血小板微颗粒而被发现的[1],后Johnstone等[2]将其命名为“外泌体(exosomes)”。但是由于最初认为细胞外囊泡是细胞排泄的废物,故数十年来一直未引起科学家们的重视。直到1996年Raposo等[3]发现,B淋巴细胞分泌的细胞外囊泡可呈递抗原激活T淋巴细胞,参与调控免疫细胞功能,科学家们才开始重视并逐渐探寻细胞外囊泡的生物学功能。1998年Zitvogel等[4]发现,树突状细胞也可分泌细胞外囊泡。2007年Valadi等[5]发现,细胞间可通过细胞外囊泡中的RNA交换遗传物质。此后,越来越多的研究发现,细胞外囊泡可携带并传递细胞分泌的信号分子至相邻及远处的细胞,从而调节细胞的生理和病理状态,参与许多重要疾病的发生、发展过程[6]。……
